数据库之基础知识 - fingers - ITeye技术网站
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&!--[if !supportLists]--&一、&!--[endif]--&mysql入门语句
&!--[if !supportLists]--&1.&!--[endif]--&连接数据库：mysql -h localhost -u root –p
-h 如果不写host，默认连接localhost。
&!--[if !supportLists]--&2.&!--[endif]--& 查看数据库：
&!--[if !supportLists]--&3.&!--[endif]--& 创建数据库：
&!--[if !supportLists]--&4.&!--[endif]--& 进入数据库：use php；
&!--[if !supportLists]--&5.&!--[endif]--& 查看表：
&!--[if !supportLists]--&6.&!--[endif]--& 删除数据库：
&!--[if !supportLists]--&7.&!--[endif]--& 创建表：create table class (sid int,sname varchar(20));
&!--[if !supportLists]--&8.&!--[endif]--& 重命名表：rename tab
&!--[if !supportLists]--&9.&!--[endif]--& 删除表：
&!--[if !supportLists]--&10.&!--[endif]--& 查看表结构：
&!--[if !supportLists]--&11.&!--[endif]--& 优雅退出：\c。
&!--[if !supportLists]--&12.&!--[endif]--& 解决字符集问题：默认window下是GBK，系统表是UTF-8，
二 、增删改查语句
&!--[if !supportLists]--&1.&!--[endif]--&插入语句：insert into class values(1005,'王五'),(1006,'王六'); 同时插入多行
&!--[if !supportLists]--&2.&!--[endif]--&更新语句：update classs set name=’李四’ where id=1001;
&!--[if !supportLists]--&3.&!--[endif]--&删除语句：delete from class where id=’’;
&!--[if !supportLists]--&4.&!--[endif]--&查询语句：select *
三 、整型列的字节与存储范围
&!--[if gte vml 1]&&v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"& &v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/& &v:formulas& &v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/& &v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/& &v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/& &v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/& &v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/& &v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/& &v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/& &v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/& &v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/& &v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/& &v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/& &v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/& &/v:formulas& &v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/& &o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/& &/v:shapetype&&v:shape id="_x" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:415.5 height:3visibility:mso-wrap-style:square'& &v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\fingers\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png" o:title=""/& &/v:shape&&![endif]--&&!--[if !vml]--&&!--[endif]--&
&!--[if !supportLists]--&1.&!--[endif]--& tinyint(M) unsigned zerofill
M: 宽度(在0填充的时候才有意义)
unsigned: 无符号类型(非负)
zerofill: 0填充,(默认无符号)
四、浮点列
&!--[if !supportLists]--&1.&!--[endif]--& Float(M,D)
float(6,2) à -9999.99 --+9999.99
&!--[if !supportLists]--&2.&!--[endif]--& Decimal(M,D) decimal(6,2) à同上
M 总位数，D小数位
五、字符型列
Char ： 定长 char(M) ,M代表宽度，即可容纳的字符数。char(5)
Varchar ：变长 varchar(M)，M代表宽度，即可容纳的字符数。varchar(250)
&!--[if !supportLists]--&①&!--[endif]--&char定长：M个字符，若存的小于M个字符，实占M个字符。
Varchar变长：M个字符，若存的小于M个字符，设为N，N&=M，实占N个字符。实占空间：N个字符+（1--2）字节。这里（1--2）字节用于记录varchar长度。
② char：存入时，剩余空间，用空格在尾部补齐。读取时，去掉尾部空格。（可能导致尾部空格丢失）
Varchar: （不会导致尾部空格丢失）
③ 速度上：char 快些。
④ 空间利用率：四字成语表 char(4) ;
微博 140字 varchar(140);
&!--[if gte vml 1]&&v:shape id="图片_x0020_2" o:spid="_x" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:415.5height:174 visibility:mso-wrap-style:square'& &v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\fingers\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png" o:title=""/& &/v:shape&&![endif]--&&!--[if !vml]--&&!--[endif]--&
六、日期时间类型
&!--[if !supportLists]--&1.&!--[endif]--& 日期：date
典型 支持的范围是''到 ''。
&!--[if !supportLists]--&2.&!--[endif]--& 时间：time
TIME值的范围可以从'-838:59:59'到'838:59:59'。
&!--[if !supportLists]--&3.&!--[endif]--& 日期时间：datetime
支持的范围为' 00:00:00'到' 23:59:59'
&!--[if !supportLists]--&4.&!--[endif]--& Year类型：一个字节，表示00表示错误时选择]
可以指定各种格式的YEAR值：
· 四位字符串，范围为'1901'到'2155'。
· 四位数字，范围为1901到2155。
· 两位字符串，范围为'00'到'99'。'00'到'69'和'70'到'99'范围的值被转换为2000到2069和1970到1999范围的YEAR值。
在开发中，很少用日期时间类型表示一个需要精确到秒的列。使用时间戳。
&!--[if !supportLists]--&5.&!--[endif]--& 时间戳：TIMESTAMP
七、建表语句：
create table 表名 (
列1 [列属性 默认值],
列2 [列属性 默认值],
列n [列属性 默认值]
engine = 存储引擎
charset = 字符集
八、Where 详解
&!--[if gte vml 1]&&v:shape id="_x" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:415.5height:237.75visibility: mso-wrap-style:square'& &v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\fingers\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.png" o:title=""/& &/v:shape&&![endif]--&&!--[if !vml]--&&!--[endif]--&
&!--[if !supportLists]--&1.&!--[endif]--& in：in(值1, 值2,…, 值n)
， 表示在值1到值n中的任意一个值。Not in(…)
&!--[if !supportLists]--&2.&!--[endif]--& between 值1 and值2：表示在值1和值2之间
&!--[if !supportLists]--&3.&!--[endif]--& Like
九、 Group by 子句
分组函数，group 函数会忽略 NULL 值。
与聚合函数配合使用：
&!--[if !supportLists]--&ü&!--[endif]--&max : 求最大
&!--[if !supportLists]--&ü&!--[endif]--&min : 求最小
&!--[if !supportLists]--&ü&!--[endif]--&sum : 求总和
&!--[if !supportLists]--&ü&!--[endif]--&avg : 求平均
&!--[if !supportLists]--&ü&!--[endif]--&count:求总行数
avg(expr)：若找不到匹配的行，则AVG()返回 NULL
count(expr): 返回SELECT语句检索到的行中非NULL值的数目。
若找不到匹配的行，则COUNT() 返回 0 。
COUNT(*) 的稍微不同之处在于，它返回检索行的数目， 不论其是否包含 NULL值。
SELECT 从一个表中检索，而不检索其它的列，并且没有 WHERE子句时， COUNT(*)被优化到最快的返回速度
MIN(expr)、MAX(expr)：若找不到匹配的行，MIN()和MAX()返回 NULL；
SUM(expr)：若返回集合中无任何行，则 SUM() 返回NULL
十、Having 子句
having与where异同点：
1、having与where类似,可筛选数据
where后的表达式怎么写,having就怎么写
2、where针对表中的列发挥作用,查询数据
having针对查询结果中的列发挥作用,筛选数据
十一、Order by
limit 子句
Order by 可以多字段排序 默认升序（asc），降序（desc）
Limit [offset],[N]：offset 偏移量，N 所取数据条数
第一个自变量指定返回的第一行的偏移量，第二个自变量指定返回的行数的最大值。初始行的偏移量为0（不是1）：
LIMIT n与LIMIT 0,n等价
十二、子查询
&!--[if !supportLists]--&1、&!--[endif]--&Where子查询
把内层查询结果作为外层的where比较条件。
内层查询有多个结果时，使用in 或not in
&!--[if !supportLists]--&2、&!--[endif]--& From 子查询
把内层查询结果作为临时表，再在外层进行一次查询 需要加 “as temp_table”
&!--[if !supportLists]--&3、&!--[endif]--&Exists 子查询
把外层查询结果拿到内层，看内层的查询是否成立
Select c_id, c_name from t1 where exists(select
g_id,cate_id
from goods where
cate_id=c_id)
十三、Union
作用：把2次或多次查询结果合并起来
要求：两次查询的列数一致
推荐：查询的每一列的列类型也一样
可以来自多张表
多次sql语句取出来的列名可以不一致，此时，以第一张表的sql列名为准。
&!--[if !supportLists]--&1、&!--[endif]--&若合并的各表无论有无主键，皆全部合并（应该union出来的是临时表，不会有主键问题），各自表的内容不做任何处理。但是，若不同的语句取出的行，有完全相同（每个列的值相同），则只能显示一条数据，忽略其他相同行。如果不去重复，应该使用 union all。
&!--[if !supportLists]--&2、&!--[endif]--&如果子句中有order by ，limit 等子句，需要把前面的子句使用括号包起来。若把order by，limit等子句放到最外面，则表明对最终合并后结果进行排序处理。
&!--[if !supportLists]--&3、&!--[endif]--&在子句中，order by 配合limit 使用才有意义。若order by 不配合limit使用，会被语法分析器优化分析时，去除。
&!--[if !supportLists]--&4、&!--[endif]--&&!--[if gte vml 1]&&v:shape id="图片_x0020_9" o:spid="_x" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:246.75height:149.25 visibility:mso-wrap-style:square'& &v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\fingers\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.jpg" o:title="8_UX$[Q$V8K%PGB2S$6T$}E"/& &/v:shape&&![endif]--&&!--[if !vml]--&&!--[endif]--&
十四、 连接概念与左连接语法
基本概念：笛卡尔乘积
左连接：select 列 1 列2 …
left join tableB
On tableA .列=tableB.列 [此处表连接成一张大表，完全当成普通表看]；
Where group by having … 照常使用。
右连接：select 列 1 列2 …
right join tableB
On tableA .列=tableB.列 其他类似左连接
内连接：select 列 1 列2 …
inner join tableB
On tableA .列=tableB.列 其他类似左连接
内连接：查询左右表都有的数据，即：不要左右连接中null的那部分
内连接是左右连接的交集。
&!--[if !supportLists]--&1、&!--[endif]--&左连接： 以左表为准，去右表找匹配数据，若右表没有匹配数据，则以null补齐；
&!--[if !supportLists]--&2、&!--[endif]--&右连接：以右表为准，去左表找匹配数据，若左表没有匹配数据，则以null补齐；
&!--[if !supportLists]--&3、&!--[endif]--& A left join B ===》B right join A
推荐：把右连接转换成做连接使用（推荐使用左连接，兼容性更好一些）
&!--[if gte vml 1]&&v:shape id="图片_x0020_11" o:spid="_x" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:219.75height:188.25 visibility:mso-wrap-style:square'& &v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\fingers\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.jpg" o:title="~)(`[5WQK[)R11N]4VLP6N7"/& &/v:shape&&![endif]--&&!--[if !vml]--&&!--[endif]--&
十五、 表管理之列增删改
列声明：列名 列类型 [列属性][默认值]
1、增加列：
add 列声明；
增加的列默认在表的最后一列。
可以使用after来声明新增的列的：alter
primary key
after colum_2;
新增列放在最前面： alter table 表名 add 列声明
2、修改列：
Alter table 表名 change 被改变的列名
&!--[if !supportLists]--&4、&!--[endif]--&删除列：
Alter table
&!--[if gte vml 1]&&v:shape id="图片_x0020_19" o:spid="_x" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:275.25height:123.75visibility: mso-wrap-style:square'& &v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\fingers\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.jpg" o:title="L7O0XJI09W9O5Q$@)$86ZKG"/& &/v:shape&&![endif]--&&!--[if !vml]--&&!--[endif]--&
十六、视图
背景：某个查询结果被频繁使用，即需要拿这个结果作为子查询出现。
定义：视图是由查询结果形成的一张虚拟表。
创建视图：
select 语句；
CREATE [OR REPLACE] [ALGORITHM = {UNDEFINED | MERGE | TEMPTABLE}]
VIEW view_name [(column_list)]
AS select_statement
[WITH [CASCADED | LOCAL] CHECK OPTION]
视图好处：
&!--[if !supportLists]--&1、&!--[endif]--&可以简化查询；
&!--[if !supportLists]--&2、&!--[endif]--&可以进行权限控制。即表的某些列不希望被外部发现，需要建一个view 进行过滤。通过把表的权限封锁，而开发相应的视图权限。
&!--[if !supportLists]--&3、&!--[endif]--&大数据分表时可以用到
比如，表的行数超过200W行时，就会变慢。
可以把一张表的数据拆成4张表存放。
分散的方法：最常用可以使用id取模来计算。
还可以用视图，把4张表形成一张视图：
Creat view 表名 as select tableA union select tableB union ….
修改视图：
view 视图名 as select XXXX；
删除视图：
view 视图名；
视图与表的关系：
&!--[if !supportLists]--&1、&!--[endif]--&视图是表的查询结果，自然表的数据改变了，影响视图的结果。
&!--[if !supportLists]--&2、&!--[endif]--&视图增删改也会影响表。但是，视图并不是总能增删改的。只有视图和表的数据能一一对应时，可以修改（即视图列与表相同）。
对于视图insert 还应注意：
视图必须包含表中没有默认值的列（即，视图需要明确指明插入列的数据）。
ALGORITHM子句
是对标准SQL的MySQL扩展。ALGORITHM可取三个值：MERGE、TEMPTABLE或UNDEFINED。如果没有ALGORITHM子句，默认算法是UNDEFINED（未定义的）。算法会影响MySQL处理视图的方式。
&!--[if !supportLists]--&①&!--[endif]--&对于MERGE，会将引用视图的语句（如查询语句where语句）的文本与视图定义（中的where 语句）合并起来，使得视图定义的某一部分取代语句的对应部分。分析出最终语句后还是去查原表。(详细请参看《Mysql 5.1参看手册》)
会出现的问题：在view 层有函数集、group by 等时，会先合并到 视图定义语句中，最终，使用合并好的语句对基表进行查询。此时，合并好的语句中的某些子语句可能不生效。必须group by 与 order by 共存 等等情况。
&!--[if !supportLists]--&②&!--[endif]--&对于TEMPTABLE，视图的结果将被置于临时表中，然后使用它执行语句。
View 层语句将对[临时表 sql_1]进行查询。而[临时表 sql_1]对基表进行查询。
对于UNDEFINED，MySQL将选择所要使用的算法。如果可能，它倾向于MERGE而不是TEMPTABLE，这是因为MERGE通常更有效，而且如果使用了临时表，视图是不可更新的。
Tips: show creat view 可以查看“创建view ”的原sql语句；
&!--[if gte vml 1]&&v:shape id="图片_x0020_30" o:spid="_x" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:424.5height:148.5 visibility:mso-wrap-style:square'& &v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\fingers\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.jpg" o:title="N9)6BWMPYZ[7U)J(`~$_4@0"/& &/v:shape&&![endif]--&&!--[if !vml]--&&!--[endif]--&
十七、 字符集与校对集
1、字符集：
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SET NAMES 'x'语句与这三个语句等价：
mysql& SET character_set_client = x;
mysql& SET character_set_results = x;
mysql& SET character_set_connection = x;
什么时间将会丢失数据？
Connection 和服务器的字符集比client小时。详情请查看《mysql 5.1参看手册》 “10.3.6. 连接字符集和校对”章节。
&!--[if gte vml 1]&&v:shape id="图片_x0020_3" o:spid="_x" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:450.75height:93.75 visibility:mso-wrap-style:square'& &v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\fingers\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.jpg" o:title="8J7TCMNZ33EJSHZMK7[ZC01"/& &/v:shape&&![endif]--&&!--[if !vml]--&&!--[endif]--&
&!--[if !supportLists]--&2、&!--[endif]--&校对集
&!--[if gte vml 1]&&v:shape id="图片_x0020_5" o:spid="_x" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:431.25height:122.25visibility: mso-wrap-style:square'& &v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\fingers\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.jpg" o:title="]8@T$N7TI)Y4RGM$%~J053E"/& &/v:shape&&![endif]--&&!--[if !vml]--&&!--[endif]--&
&!--[if gte vml 1]&&v:shape id="图片_x0020_34" o:spid="_x" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:333.75height:230.25 visibility:mso-wrap-style:square'& &v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\fingers\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image014.jpg" o:title="%M%4}P}}KOBEN2B3EG`VO0P"/& &/v:shape&&![endif]--&&!--[if !vml]--&&!--[endif]--&
十八、触发器
&!--[if !supportLists]--&1、&!--[endif]--&基本概念：
解决的问题：可以监视某表的变化，当发生变化时，触发某个操作。
能监视：增、删、改操作；
能操作：增、删、改操作。
&!--[if !supportLists]--&2、&!--[endif]--&语法
&!--[if gte vml 1]&&v:shape id="图片_x0020_1" o:spid="_x" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:372.75height:168.75visibility: mso-wrap-style:square'& &v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\fingers\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image015.jpg" o:title="_ECL$]7`B6XX__}L3N5%V61"/& &/v:shape&&![endif]--&&!--[if !vml]--&&!--[endif]--&
创建触发器sql：
Creat trigger
After/before
insert/update/delete
FOR EACH ROW （这个语句是mysql特定的）
Sql语句（对表增删改操作，一句或多句）
写触发器之前，需要修改结束符号，即把默认的“；”改成类似“$”或其他的符号。
DELIMITER $（修改结束符）
CREATE TRIGGER testref BEFORE INSERT ON test1
FOR EACH ROW
INSERT INTO test2 SET a2 = NEW.a1;
DELETE FROM test3 WHERE a3 = NEW.a1;
UPDATE test4 SET b4 = b4 + 1 WHERE a4 = NEW.a1;
&!--[if !supportLists]--&3、&!--[endif]--&
如何在触发器引用行的值
&!--[if !supportLists]--&①&!--[endif]--&对于insert而言，使用 NEW来表示新增行
行中的每一列的值，用NEW.列名
例子如上面所示。
&!--[if !supportLists]--&②&!--[endif]--&对于delete而言，使用 OLD来表示删除行
行中的每一列的值，使用 OLD.列名 来表示；
如删除订单物品：
Updata table_2
num = num – OLD.num where
id = OLD.id；
&!--[if !supportLists]--&③&!--[endif]--&对于update 而言，被修改的行：
修改前的值：使用OLD 来表示， OLD.列名 表示列值；
修改后的值：使用 NEW 来表示， NEW.列名 表示列值。
如修改订单物品数量：
on table_2
For each row
num = num + OLD.num – NEW.num where id
&!--[if !supportLists]--&4、&!--[endif]--&
After 与before 的区别
是先完成数据的增删改，后，再触发，触发中的语句晚于增删改，无法影响前面的增删改操作；
是先完成触发，再增删改，触发的语句先于监视的增删改，我们有机会判断，修改即将发生的操作。
典型案例：
对于所下订单进行判断，若订单数据&5，就认为是恶意订单，强制把所订的商品数据改成5。
For each row
new.num & 5　
　 New.num = 5;
num = num – new.num where id = new.id
十九、 存储引擎与事务
常用的表引擎：
Myisam：批量插入速度快，不支持事务，锁表
InnoDB：批量插入相对较慢，支持事务，锁行
选择引擎：InnoDB
&!--[if !supportLists]--&1、&!--[endif]--&基本概念：
通俗的讲事务：
指一组操作，要么都执行成功，要么都不执行——&原子性；
在所有的操作没有执行完毕之前，其他会话不能够看到中间改变的过程——&隔离性；
事务发生前和发生后，数据的总额依然匹配——&一致性；
事务产生的影响不能够撤销——&持久性；
如果出了错误，事务也不允许撤销，只能做“补偿性事务”
&!--[if !supportLists]--&2、&!--[endif]--&语法：
启动事务：start
transaction；
提交事务：commit
transaction；
回滚事务：rollback
transaction ；
当一个事务 commit 或 rollback 之后，此事务已结束。
&!--[if !supportLists]--&3、&!--[endif]--& 事务的基本原理
二十、数据库备份与恢复
增量备份、整体备份
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二十一、索引
注意：可以先去掉索引，再导入数据，最后统一加索引；
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索引介绍：
&!--[if !supportLists]--&（1）&!--[endif]--&普通索引
仅仅是加快查询速度
&!--[if !supportLists]--&（2）&!--[endif]--&主键索引 primary key index
主键比唯一，但是唯一索引不一定是主键
一张表上，只能有一个主键，但是额可以用一个或多个唯一索引
&!--[if !supportLists]--&（3）&!--[endif]--&唯一索引 unique index
行上的值不能重复
&!--[if !supportLists]--&（4）&!--[endif]--&全文索引 fulltext index
查看索引：show
from 表名；
添加索引：
Alter table 表名 add
index/unique/fulltext
[索引名](列名)；
add primary key (列名)；
删除索引：
Alter table 表名
drop index 索引名；
特别地，删除主键索引：alter table 表名
二十二、存储过程
类似于函数，就是把一段代码封装起来。
当要执行这一段代码的时候，可以通过调用该存储过程来实现。
在语句体里面，可以有 if/else ，while语句。
查看现有的存储过程：
procedure status；
删除存储过程：
存储过程的名字；
创建存储过程：
调用存储过程:
存储过程名；
procedure p2(n int)
使用if/else：
procedure p2(n int,j char(1))
If(j=’a’)
where num &
g where num &
liao492006
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