扫扫二维码，随身浏览文档
手机或平板扫扫即可继续访问
Use of alginate or zein as edible coatings to delay postharvest ripening process and to maintain tomato (Solanum lycopersicon Mill) quality
举报该文档为侵权文档。
举报该文档含有违规或不良信息。
反馈该文档无法正常浏览。
举报该文档为重复文档。
推荐理由：
将文档分享至：
分享完整地址
文档地址：
粘贴到BBS或博客
flash地址：
支持嵌入FLASH地址的网站使用
html代码：
&embed src='/DocinViewer-4.swf' width='100%' height='600' type=application/x-shockwave-flash ALLOWFULLSCREEN='true' ALLOWSCRIPTACCESS='always'&&/embed&
450px*300px480px*400px650px*490px
支持嵌入HTML代码的网站使用
您的内容已经提交成功
您所提交的内容需要审核后才能发布，请您等待！
3秒自动关闭窗口Ripening-regulated susceptibility of tomato fruit to Botrytis ciner...
- PubMed - NCBI
The NCBI web site requires JavaScript to function.
FormatSummarySummary (text)AbstractAbstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListApplyChoose DestinationFileClipboardCollectionsE-mailOrderMy BibliographyCitation managerFormatSummary (text)Abstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListCSVCreate File1 selected item: FormatSummarySummary (text)AbstractAbstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListMeSH and Other DataE-mailSubjectAdditional textE-mailAdd to ClipboardAdd to CollectionsOrder articlesAdd to My BibliographyGenerate a file for use with external citation management software.Create File
):1434-49. doi: 10.1104/pp.109.138701. Epub
2009 May 22.Ripening-regulated susceptibility of tomato fruit to Botrytis cinerea requires NOR but not RIN or ethylene.1, , , , , .1Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.AbstractFruit ripening is a developmental process that is associated with increased susceptibility to the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Histochemical observations demonstrate that unripe tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit activate pathogen defense responses, but these responses are attenuated in ripe fruit infected by B. cinerea. Tomato fruit ripening is regulated independently and cooperatively by ethylene and transcription factors, including NON-RIPENING (NOR) and RIPENING-INHIBITOR (RIN). Mutations in NOR or RIN or interference with ethylene perception prevent fruit from ripening and, thereby, would be expected to influence susceptibility. We show, however, that the susceptibility of ripe fruit is dependent on NOR but not on RIN and only partially on ethylene perception, leading to the conclusion that not all of the pathways and events that constitute ripening render fruit susceptible. Additionally, on unripe fruit, B. cinerea induces the expression of genes also expressed as uninfected fruit ripen. Among the ripening-associated genes induced by B. cinerea are LePG (for polygalacturonase) and LeExp1 (for expansin), which encode cell wall-modifying proteins and have been shown to facilitate susceptibility. LePG and LeExp1 are induced only in susceptible rin fruit and not in resistant nor fruit. Thus, to infect fruit, B. cinerea relies on some of the processes and events that occur during ripening, and the fungus induces these pathways in unripe fruit, suggesting that the pathogen itself can initiate the induction of susceptibility by exploiting endogenous developmental programs. These results demonstrate the developmental plasticity of plant responses to the fungus and indicate how known regulators of fruit ripening participate in regulating ripening-associated pathogen susceptibility.PMID:
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] PMCID: PMC2705034 B. cinerea on inoculated tomato fruit. A to C, Infection sites on the fruit surface of MG fruit at 1 (A), 2 (B), and 3 (C) dpi. A dark ring of necrosis is visible within 1 dpi. No ring is seen in water-inoculated sites (insets). D to F, Infection sites at 1 (D), 2 (E), and 3 (F) dpi of RR fruit. No necrotic ring is seen, and mycelium growth is slight at 1 dpi but expanding at 2 and 3 dpi. Water-soaked macerated tissue (asterisks) beyond the mycelia is apparent at 2 and 3 dpi. G and H, RR (G) and MG (H) fruit inoculated with B. cinerea B05.10 expressing GFP at 3 dpi. On RR fruit (G), mycelia have spread thr on MG fruit (H), mycelia spread is limited to the inoculation site surface. I, Transverse section through a MG inoculation site at 3 dpi (as in C) demonstrates that the dark necrotic ring surrounds the entire inoculation wound site. J, K, M, and N, 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine staining of hydrogen peroxide viewed from the surface of the inoculated (J) and wounded (K) fruit demonstrates that within 1 dpi, B. cinerea induces hydrogen peroxide accumulation at the site of inoculation. M and N show micrographs of cross-sections of fruit pericarp tissue surrounding the inoculation (M) and wounding (N) sites. L and O, Phloroglucinol (L) and safranin (O) staining demonstrate that lignin and suberin accumulate in response to B. cinerea (arrow and arrowhead indicate phloroglucinol and safranin reactive material, respectively). Bars in A to L = 0.5 bars in M to O = 0.2 mm. Note that RNA for microarray analyses was collected from MG and RR lesions at 1 dpi (as in A, D, J, M, L, and O). Insets, when present, show a water-inoculated site at the same posttreatment time as the larger image.Plant Physiol. ):.Susceptibility of tomato ripening mutants to B. cinerea. A and B, Disease incidence (percentage of inoculation sites with soft rot symptoms) of MG fruit (A; 31 dpa) and RR fruit (B; 42 dpa). C and D, Disease severity (e.g. diameters of expanding soft rot lesions) for inoculated MG (C) and RR (D) fruit. Different letters indicate significant differences between genotypes at a given time point (P ≤ 0.01; error bars indicate se; n = 5). E, Representative inoculated fruit (3 dpi) for each genotype and ripening stage.Plant Physiol. ):.B. cinerea biomass accumulation during infection of tomato ripening mutants. B. cinerea biomass accumulation at 3 dpi in infected MG fruit (31 dpa) and RR fruit (42 dpa) measured using test strips coated with the monoclonal antibody BC12.CA4 (EnviroLogix). Letters correspond to significant differences between genotypes (P ≤ 0.01; error bars indicate sd; n = 3). FW, Fresh weight.Plant Physiol. ):.Effect of 1-MCP on fruit susceptibility. Disease incidence (percentage of inoculation sites with soft rot symptoms) for MG and RR AC fruit and rin fruit (42 i.e. RR equivalent). Immediately prior to inoculation and within 2 h of harvest, fruit were treated for 18 h with air or 15 nL L-1 1-MCP. Asterisks indicate significant differences within each fruit stage and at each dpi (P ≤ 0.05; error bars indicate sd; n = 3).Plant Physiol. ):.Summary of microarray data sets. A, Principal component analysis of RMA-normalized microarray data demonstrates tight clustering of biological replicate data. MGH, MGI, and MGW (MG healthy, inoculated, and wounded fruit) and RRH, RRI, and RRW (RR healthy, inoculated, and wounded fruit) are distinguished by PC1 (78%) and PC2 (9%). B, Bar graphs show the number of probe sets that are either up- or down-regulated in MG and RR fruit when comparisons of expression in wounded or inoculated fruit are made with the healthy controls (ANOVA; adjusted P & 0.01). C, Venn diagrams of the data in B, showing the overlap in probe sets that are up- or down-regulated when inoculated and wounded samples are compared with the healthy control samples.Plant Physiol. ):.Analysis of probe sets up- and down-regulated by B. cinerea infection. Changes in expression levels (log2) are shown for up-regulated (A and B) and down-regulated (C and D) probe sets hybridizing to RNA from MG (A and C) and RR (B and D) fruit. The (a) sets are the probe sets that are not differentially expressed when healthy (H) and wounded (W) RNA samples are analyzed but are up- or down-regulated when infected (I) samples are compared with either healthy or wounded samples. The (b) sets are the probe sets whose expression is significantly increased when wounded samples are compared with healthy samples and is further significantly increased when infected samples are compared with wounded samples. Each line in the plots represents
the heavy red line represents the median expression change (H versus W versus I). The pie charts below each panel indicate how the expression of the probe sets in each collection was changed by infection at the other ripening stage or by ripening. The left pie chart indicates the percentages of probe sets that were up-regulated (red), down-regulated (green), or not differentially expressed (white) when fruit of the other ripening stage were inoculated. The right pie charts depict the percentages of probe sets of each collection that were up-regulated (black), down-regulated (gray), or not differentially expressed (white) when RNA samples from healthy RR versus healthy MG fruit are compared. The number of probe sets (PN) in each collection is shown above each panel.Plant Physiol. ):.Correlation between B. cinerea infection or wounding and ripening. A, Scatterplot showing the fold changes (log2) in expression caused by inoculation of MG fruit (MGI/MGH) compared with ripening of healthy MG fruit (RRH/MGH). B, Scatterplot showing the fold changes caused by wounding MG fruit (MGW/MGH) compared with ripening of healthy MG fruit. A 1.5-fold change threshold was applied. A linear trend line and the Pearson correlation coefficient (r2) are displayed. H, H I, W, wounded.Plant Physiol. ):.Relative expression of selected tomato fruit ripening-related genes, based on microarray analysis. The relative expression of genes regulated by normal fruit ripening is compared with expression in healthy MG fruit (MGH). In each set, the left bar shows the relative change in expression of wounded MG fruit (MGW), the center bar shows the change of infected MG fruit (MGI), and the right bar shows the expression change in healthy RR fruit (RRH). Asterisks indicate significance within the comparison indicated by each bar (adjusted P & 0.01).Plant Physiol. ):.Relative expression of LePG, LeExp1, LeACS4, and TomQ'a in tomato ripening mutants in response to B. cinerea assessed by qRT-PCR. Gene expression at 3 dpi in infected MG fruit (31 dpa) and RR fruit (42 dpa) was measured using qRT-PCR. Values are relative to the expression of each of the genes in AC MG healthy fruit (asterisks).Plant Physiol. ):.Publication TypesMeSH TermsSubstancesSecondary Source IDFull Text SourcesOther Literature SourcesMolecular Biology Databases
Supplemental Content
External link. Please review our .Variation in its C-terminal amino acids determines whether endo-bet...
- PubMed - NCBI
The NCBI web site requires JavaScript to function.
FormatSummarySummary (text)AbstractAbstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListApplyChoose DestinationFileClipboardCollectionsE-mailOrderMy BibliographyCitation managerFormatSummary (text)Abstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListCSVCreate File1 selected item: FormatSummarySummary (text)AbstractAbstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListMeSH and Other DataE-mailSubjectAdditional textE-mailAdd to ClipboardAdd to CollectionsOrder articlesAdd to My BibliographyGenerate a file for use with external citation management software.Create File
):1254-62.Variation in its C-terminal amino acids determines whether endo-beta-mannanase is active or inactive in ripening tomato fruits of different cultivars.1, .1Department of Botany, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.AbstractEndo-beta-mannanase cDNAs were cloned and characterized from ripening tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv Trust) fruit, which produces an active enzyme, and from the tomato cv Walter, which produces an inactive enzyme. There is a two-nucleotide deletion in the gene from tomato cv Walter, which results in a frame shift and the deletion of four amino acids at the C terminus of the full-length protein. Other cultivars that produce either active or inactive enzyme show the same absence or presence of the two-nucleotide deletion. The endo-beta-mannanase enzyme protein was purified and characterized from ripe fruit to ensure that cDNA codes for the enzyme from fruit. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that non-ripening mutants, which also fail to exhibit endo-beta-mannanase activity, do so because they fail to express the protein. In a two-way genetic cross between tomato cvs Walter and Trust, all F(1) progeny from both crosses produced fruit with active enzyme, suggesting that this form is dominant and homozygous in tomato cv Trust. Self-pollination of a plant from the heterozygous F(1) generation yielded F(2) plants that bear fruit with and without active enzyme at a ratio appropriate to Mendelian genetic segregation of alleles. Heterologous expression of the two endo-beta-mannanase genes in Escherichia coli resulted in active enzyme being produced from cultures containing the tomato cv Trust gene and inactive enzyme being produced from those containing the tomato cv Walter gene. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to establish key elements in the C terminus of the endo-beta-mannanase protein that are essential for full enzyme activity.PMID:
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] PMCID: PMC166646 Western blot of protein extracts from wild-type and non-ripening mutants of tomato fruit separated on SDS-PAGE and detected with an anti-endo-β-mannanase antibody. AC, Tomato cv Ailsa C Rg, tomato cv R W, tomato cv W T, tomato cv T w, rin, nor, non- Nr, N a/c, alcobaca.Plant Physiol. ):.Alignment of amino acid sequences of endo-β-mannanases from tomato including those from the lateral endosperm of the seed after germination (LeMAN1, GenBank accession no. AF017144), from the micropylar endosperm of the seed during germination (LeMAN2, GenBank accession no. 184238), and from the tomato fruit during ripening (LeMAN4a, tomato cv Trust, GenBank accession no. AY006588). The 26-amino acid signal peptide of LeMAN4a is underlined. The glycosylation site present in LeMAN1 and -2 is double underlined, the catalytic sites are indicated by asterisks, and the Trp associated with substrate binding is indicated by #.Plant Physiol. ):.Alignment of the nucleic acid and amino acid sequences in the region of the carboxy termini of LeMAN4 from tomato cvs Trust and Walter. The two bases (TA) present in the tomato cv Trust gene but not in the tomato cv Walter gene are highlighted.Plant Physiol. ):.PCR screening of genomic DNA of F1 plants from crosses between tomato cvs Trust and Walter. A, Ethidium bromide-stained agarose gel with PCR products generated from primers specific for LeMAN4a. B, Ethidium bromide-stained agarose gel with PCR products generated from primers specific for LeMAN4i. TP, Plasmid DNA containing LeMAN4a (from tomato cv Trust) as positive control in gel A and as negative control in gel B; ND, no DNA TG, tomato cv Trust genomic DNA; WG, tomato cv Walter genomic DNA; T3 and T4, genomic DNA from F1 plants numbered 3 and 4 with tomato cv Trus W10 and W12, genomic DNA from F1 plants numbered 10 and 12 with tomato cv Walter as maternal parent.Plant Physiol. ):.PCR screening of genomic DNA from F2 plants arising from self-pollination of an F1 plant (Walter-maternal, plant 12). Endo-β-mannanase activity in the fruit of each plant is also displayed on both gels. A, Ethidium bromide-stained agarose gel with PCR products generated from primers specific for LeMAN4a. B, Ethidium bromide-stained agarose gel with PCR products generated from primers specific for LeMAN4i. Numbers 1 to 28, Genomic DNA from individual F2 TG, tomato cv Trust genomic DNA as positive control in A and negative control in B.Plant Physiol. ):.Heterologous expression of LeMAN4 in E. coli using the pMAL expression system. A, Coomassie Blue-stained SDS-PAGE (10%, w/v polyacrylamide) gel of proteins in cell lysates from uninduced (UI) and induced (I) cultures containing pMAL vector alone (induced only), and the vector containing the endo-β-mannanase cDNA from tomato cvs Trust and Walter (LeMAN4a and LeMAN4i, respectively). The position of the fusion protein in the induced lysates for both the pMAL+LeMAN4a and pMAL+LeMAN4i constructs is indicated by an arrow. B, Western blot of E. coli lysates containing LeMAN4 proteins detected using an antibody raised against endo-β-mannanase. This gel also includes protein samples of the soluble fractions (Sol) obtained by sonication of induced cell cultures for each construct. C, Gel-diffusion assay for endo-β-mannanase activity in the soluble fraction of protein synthesized from each construct and a pMAL vector control.Plant Physiol. ):.Activities of endo-β-mannanase synthesized by wild-type and mutant forms of LeMAN4 expressed in E. coli using the pMAL fusion protein system. x axis, Endo-β-mannanase activity in equal amounts of soluble protein extract from E. coli expression cultures (values are the means from three cultures with sd); y axis, C terminus of endo-β-mannanase enzyme expressed, starting at Q391.Plant Physiol. ):.Publication TypesMeSH TermsSubstancesSecondary Source IDFull Text SourcesOther Literature Sources
Supplemental Content
External link. Please review our .