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导航 日志 英文字母的玄机 (转）
2009-07-08 22:57:22
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小 过去,人们常以为英文字母只表示读音,字母本身造形是抽象的没有任何含义.这一看法是错误的。英语是一种较为古老的语言,英语所使用的拉丁字母是从古埃及文字演变而来的,探其根源,最初皆为象形文字,因次每一个字母都含有其最初的基本含义。经过漫长的发展变化,这些含义今天还或多或少地保留在单词之中。如W含义是水,它字形就是波浪的形象。在英语单词中Wash(洗涤) 、water（水）、wave（波浪）、well（井）wet, swim 之中还都保留了这个含义。C是嘴的侧面形象，多表示有口腔发出的声音及与嘴有关的事物。如，caw(哇哇的叫声) 、call(叫、喊)、con（熟读）、croak（嘶哑的叫声）、crom（啼叫）、cry（哭叫）、cud（反刍的事物）、cup（杯子） ee 像两只眼睛，相当于汉字部首“目”： eye(眼睛)其中两个e象是一双眼,而y正好是鼻子。无独有偶,单词see 看见 meet 遇见 seem 看起来象 peep偷看 peer盯着 seek 寻觅 sleep 睡 asleep 睡着了 peek 窥视 leer 瞟 weep哭泣 greedy 觊觎 eye中的y作为鼻子匀称适中,而ele phant(大象)中的鼻子 L 长且高高举起。............
经过漫长的语言发展历史，字母从粗糙的、具象的、逐渐成为精练的、抽象的，一个字母不但具有了完善的表音功能，而且它的表义功能也得到发展。每一个字母表示与之相象的任何事物。打开字典，每一字母的解释中，都有一条表示形象的功能。如，字母W表示W形之物。事实上在现代英语词汇中，字母的这种功能也确实存在。当W这条曲线形成规范的字母之后，它所表示的事物就广泛了，saw（锯）、how（砍、伐）在这里W表示锯齿和利刃。paw（脚爪）、claw（爪）、在这里W表示指甲。law（刑法）在这里W表示刑具，恰似汉字"刑"中的刀字旁.......
英语读音含义的奥秘
英语和汉语一样，也是经历了一个漫长发展过程的人类语言，最初同样是用简单的发音（伴以动作）描述自己所要说明的事物，这些语言区别于发音口形，语音的轻、重、缓、急等等。人们最初的交流、沟通，无法利用抽象媒介，只有利用随时随地都能沟通的形象媒介。因为只有形象媒介才能迅速引起交谈对象的感官共鸣，从而达到交流思想的目的。随着语言的发展，这些最初的发音形象因素，被现代语言的复杂修饰成份不同程度地掩盖了。但是，如果我们细心分辨仍能找到它们。这些原始的发音形象因素对于我们学习，体会乃至使用英语都有很大帮助。我们可能会变背说外语为用语音表达自己的思想感受。
英语语言是如何描述事物呢？让我们列举几个人体***名词，并作一个小实验。请你不要讲话，也不能动手，只许出一点声音,向别人表示你自己的鼻子。你大概很自然地发出一个鼻音,以指示自己的鼻子。那么英语nose(鼻子)就是以鼻音开始。我们继续作这个实验,相信在实验中,mouth(嘴) 、tooth(牙) 、tongue(舌) 、lip(唇)这些词汇的发音口形都与你所做的口形相近或吻合。(发音口形指示或展示了这个词所表示的部位。)另外throut(喉)较前几个词发音位置靠后,也就是更靠近喉咙,所以表述是明确的。heart(心)发音恰似从心中呼出的一口气。下面我们看几个人体行为的词汇。 smell(闻嗅)drink(喝)sip(呷) it(啐)cough(咳)laugh(笑)vomit(呕吐)以上这些单词发音的口形,均与这些词汇所表述的行为十分相似。在英语中开口音、闭口音，及清、重、缓、急等多种发音直接表达意思的现象广泛存在
词中词记英文
1. legislate v. 立法 　　〔记忆窍门〕将该词***成 leg 、is 、late 三个字母组合，这三个字母组合恰好都是我们学过的英语单词，扫一眼即可，根本不用记，所以 legislate 可记成：为腿（leg）立法，总是（is）太迟（late）
　　说明： 以后我们再看到单词 legislate，就会不由自主地想起这个有趣的句子，legislate 的词义也就在其中了。而且，据大多数试用此记法的人亲身体会，一旦将 legislate 的词义真正熟记之后，有趣的具体记法会逐渐模糊，但单词的词义却会深深地刻在脑海里。
　　2. bargain n. 交易，协议；特价品，廉价货 　　v.讨价还价，议价 　　〔记忆窍门〕同上面一样的道理，将该词***成bar和gain两个字母组合，则可记成： 讨价还价谈交易，酒吧（bar）获得（gain）廉价货
　　3. campus n. （大学）校园 　　〔记忆窍门〕将该词***成camp和us，则可记成：学生军训的营地（camp），设在我们（us）校园里
　　4. earnest a. 诚恳的，热心的 　　〔记忆窍门〕将该词***成ear和nest，则可记成：诚恳的人们，耳朵（ear）中有巢（nest）......
混合串读巧记词读物(样本)莎士比亚戏剧小说《暴风雨》
在一片汪洋大sea(海)上有个荒凉的小island(岛)，小island(岛)上lived(住)着老汉普罗斯比罗and (和)他的daughter (女儿)。他的daughter (女儿)called(叫)米兰达。米兰达是个很beautiful (美丽的)girl(姑娘)。她来到这个小island(岛)上的时候，年龄非常young(小)，所以除了她父亲的face(脸)，她不remember(记得)任何人的face(脸)。 　他们lived(住)在一个在石头上凿出的cave(洞)里。这个cave(洞)被隔成了几个rooms(房)，这几个房间之一是普罗斯比罗的study(书房)，在里面放了很many(多)书。这些books(书)大部分是关于magic (魔法)的。At that time(那时候)，许多learned(有学问的)人都喜欢研究magic (魔法)。普罗斯比罗发现这些magic (魔法)很有用。他是因为一个离奇的reason(原因)漂到这个小island (岛)上来的。这个小island(岛)曾被西考拉克斯witch(女巫)施了magic(魔法)。而且在普罗斯比罗来这个小island上之前不久，那个witch(女巫)才died掉。witch(女巫)曾经把很多不obey(听从)她邪恶orders(命令)行事的elves(精灵)囚禁在树干里，普罗斯比罗来到这个小island上后，用自己的magic (魔法)把不少善良的elves(精灵)都set free(释放)了出来。From(从)那时起这些kind(善良的)elves(精灵)都obeyed(听从)他的orders(命令)。这些elves(精灵)的首领called(叫)爱力儿......(道理很简单,中文故事给了你持续读下去的兴趣，而只要不停地看下去单词迟早会被你记住。) 评论这张
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过去,人们常以为英文字母只表示读音,字母本身造形是抽象的没有任何含义.这一看法是错误的。英语是一种较为古老的语言,英语所使用的拉丁字母是从古埃及文字演变而来的,探其根源,最初皆为象形文字,因次每一个字母都含有其最初的基本含义。经过漫长的发展变化,这些含义今天还或多或少地保留在单词之中。如W含义是水,它字形就是波浪的形象。在英语单词中Wash(洗涤) 、water（水）、wave（波浪）、well（井）wet, swim 之中还都保留了这个含义。C是嘴的侧面形象，多表示有口腔发出的声音及与嘴有关的事物。如，caw(哇哇的叫声) 、call(叫、喊)、con（熟读）、croak（嘶
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{/list}| 查看文章 常见的一些国际组织等的英语字母缩写
2009-02-11
UN the United Natio 联合国
UNDP United natio Development programme
联合国开发计划署
UNESCO Unitde Natio Education ,Scientific and Culutral Organization
联合国教科文组织
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Natio 联合国粮农组织
WHO World Health Organization
世界卫生组织
WMO World Meteorological Organization
世界气象组织
WTO World Trade Organization
世界贸易组织
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
关税及贸易总协定
WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization
世界知识产权组织
IMF International Monetary Fund
国际货币基金组织
ICRC International Committee of the Red Cro 国际红十字会
RCS Red Cro Society
红十字会
ISO International Standards Organization
国际标准化组织
ITU International Telecommunication Union
国际电信联盟
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
国际民用航空组织
IDA International Development A ociation
国际开发协会
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency 国际原子能机构
IOC International Olympic Committee 国际奥委会
IOJ International Organization of Journalists
国际新闻工作者协会
IPU InterParliamentary Union
各国议会联盟
PLO Palestine Liberation Organization
巴勒斯坦解放组织
EU European Union
欧洲联盟
EEC European Economic Community
欧洲经济共同体
OEEC Organization for European Economic Cooperation
欧洲经济合作组织
OAU Organization of African Unity
非洲统一组织
OIC Organization of the Islamic Conference
伊斯兰会议组织
OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries 石油输出国组织
OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
欧洲安全与合作组织
CIS Common Wealth of Independent States
独立国家联合体
UPU Universal Postal Union
万国邮政联盟
NAM the No mdash;Aligned Movement
不结盟运动
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
北大西洋公约组织
APEC the AsiaPacific Economic Cooperation
亚太经合组织
ASEAN A ociation of Southeast Asian Natio 东南亚国家联盟
GCC Gulf Cooperation Council
海湾合作委员会
APG Asia/Pacific Group
亚太组织
FATF Financial Action Task Force
反洗钱金融特别行动组
CFATF Cari en Financial Action Task Force
加勒比反特别行动组
CFA Chartered Financial Analyst
注册金融分析师
ABS A et Backed Securitiation
资产证券化
CIA Central Intelligence Agence
美国中央情报局
MOS Microsoft Offfice Specialist
国际权威职业化办公认证
CSR Co umer Satisfaction Research
用户满意度研究
VNO Virtual Network Operator
虚拟电信运营
SUV Sports Utility Vehicle
运动休闲车
MPV Multi--Purpose Vehicle
多用途车
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Ma Media
分众媒体
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英语字母及其组合的常见发音
个字母发音规律
a /ei/ name cake table
// a le cat ma am
/α: / want dance
/o/ what watch
b /b/ book big ag box
c /k/ cat cake cup clock car
/s/ face nice pencil books
d /d/ desk doll dog dad
e /i:/ he she meet me
/e/ elephant egg bed pen
f /f/ fine friend fly foot fan
/ gun gla glad glove /dз / age orange
h /h/ hat he house hand
i /ai / fine bike five ice
/i/ is sit mi pig picture
j / dз / jeep jam jacket jar
k /k/ kite cake black thank
l /l/ leg left ruler flag lamp
/l/ a le bowl tell old
m/m/ am map my mouth milk
n /n/ no know new hand
o /əu / old home nose coke
/o/ dog not clock
/Λ / son month mother love
p /p/ map jeep pig pen a le
q /kw / quite quilt quick
r /r/ red radio brother racket
s /s/ sit mi this smile books
/z/ nose those rose rulers
t /t/ it sit not that table little
u /ju: / use usually excuse
/Λ / bus us sun duck
/ u / put ull ush
v /v / five vase very seven
w /w/ we window watch want
x /ks / ox ix fox
y /ai / my fly why bye
/ j / ye yellow
/ i / ha y baby very
z / z / zoo zero
元音组合
ai /ei/ wait aint
ay /ei/ may play day say
air /εə / air hair chair
al / / tall small ball
ar /α: / farther farm car arm
ea /i:/ meat please tea read /e/ head bread ready / iə / theater
ear / iə / ear hear ear / εə / ear / ə: / earth
ee /i:/ meet see bee feet jeep
eir / εə / their
er / ə / worker teacher / ə: / her
ere /i ə / here /εə / where there
ew /ju: / new few /u: / flew grew
ight /ai / right high bright
ir /ə: / bird girl shirt thirty
oa /əu / boat coat
ong /oŋ / long ong
oo /u/ book foot good /u:/ moon balloon
: / short fork port /ə: / word world work
oor / / door floor
ore // more store sore
ou / au / out house mouth
our / / four
　 your /auə / our
ow/ əu / bowl window /au / now cow flower
oy /oi/ oy toy
ur / ə: / turn
辅音组合
th /θ/ thank mouth / δ/ this that with
tr /tr/ tree train truck
dr /dr/ dre driver
/ shirt wash short
/ child chair catch / k / school Christmas / dз/ andwich
tw /tw/ two twin twenty
wh /w/ white wheel what /h/ who whose whom
ts /ts/ jacket kites
ds /dz/ ird friends
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英语词汇浩如烟海，记不胜记。掌握一个词，不仅要知其形，懂其意，更应首先学会准确发音。但是，英语中有一些字母，在某些构词环境中不发音，使词的形、音脱节，从而增加了词汇学习的难度。但此类字母并非杂乱无章，无规可循，而往往有一定的规律性。如果学习者掌握了不发音字母的一般规律，问题也就迎刃而解了。不发音字母主要有以下几种情况：
出现在词尾，在字母
之后。如：
（垂直的），
出现在字母
之后。如：
adolescence
（青春期），
（登高），
dis-ciple
（门徒），
excellence
exce ，
fascinate
sci ors
出现在词首，在字母
之前。如：
gnarled
（多瘤节的），
（咬牙切齿），
（咬）。
出现在词尾，在字母
之前。如：
diaphragm
（隔膜），
paradigm
（范例），
（痰）；
campaign
（屈尊），
foreign
出现在词尾，或在字母
之前。如：
brought
straight
thorough
thought
出现在词首，在字母
之后。如：
（犹太人居住区），
（盗尸的人）；
rhetoric
（修辞学），
exhaust
exhibit
exhilarate
（使高兴），
（规劝）。
出现在词尾。如：
（啊！），
（没药），
（女子名），
（美国西部一州名）。
出现在词首，在字母
之前。如：
（***），
knickers
（灯笼裤），
出现在词尾，在字母组合
中。如：
（救济金），
（赞美诗）。
出现在词首，在字母
之前。如：
mnemonic
（帮助记忆的），
mnemonist
（记忆术专家），
Mnemosyne
（古希腊司记忆的女神）。
出现在词尾，在字母
之后。如：
（圣歌，赞美诗）。
出现在词首，在字母
之前。如： eumatics
（气体力学）， eu-monia
（肺炎）； alm
（赞美诗）， eudonym
（笔名）， ychic
（精神的，心理的）， y-chology
（心理学）；
pterodactyl
（飞龙目动物）。
出现在词尾的字母组合
中。如：
apostle
（鼓吹者，倡导者），
whistle
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发表于 2009-5-16 21:18
影响英语词汇重音的因素
在西方语言中，英语是重音因素最为明显的一种语言。在希腊语、拉丁语等古典语言中，决定单词语音轮廓的主要是音值的长短，在法、西、意等现代语言中，虽然有重音，但重音和非重音之间的差别并不明显。对于以英语为母语的人士来说，重音位置和轻重音之间的对照是他们通过听觉识辨识单词的主导因素，一旦说话人对重音把握出现错误，就会造成交流障碍。反过来，如果学习英语单词时重音没有读准，在听英语时也很难准确辨识。在不借助词典的情况下，即使碰到不认识的词，也能准确发音的能力，是英语素养的重要部分。然而，和法语（重音始终在单词最末一个音节上）等语言比较起来，英语的重音位置似乎变化多端，难以把握，这对运用读音规则造成了很大困难。因为元音字母如何发音，基本取决于是否重读和音节性质（开音节、闭音节）两大因素。由于英语非重读音节中的元音发音规则相对简单，一旦重读音节中的元音发准了，英语单词的基本语音轮廓就勾勒出来了。由此可见，判断重音位置是英语学习中一个无法绕过的拦路虎。本文将从词汇学的角度，对英语重音的大致规律作一个介绍。
影响英语重音基本上有五个因素：归化程度、音节数、词性、词缀以及倒数第二音节辅音特征，其中后缀和倒数第二音节辅音特征才是决定英语重音的最关键因素，而这一点长期以来一直被研究者所忽视。
1、归化程度
归化程度是指由其他语言引入英语的单词在多大程度上融入了“本土”词汇大家庭。英语虽然属于印欧语系中的日耳曼语族，但从词汇角度看，只有少数词汇是从日耳曼语言继承的，80%的词汇反而源于拉丁语，与拉丁语的密切关系甚至超过了法语（最初是拉丁语的方言）与拉丁语的血缘关系。如今，绝大部分拉丁词语已经本土化，但仍有少量词语和短语被视为外来语。另外，英语中还吸纳了大量其他语言的词汇，其中相当一部分已经本土化，遵从英语的一般重音模式，但部分词汇的重音仍然模仿源语言中的重音。下面是一些例子：
1）法语词汇：–aire（如millionaire、questio aire，与英语后缀-ary等价）、–ee（由法语过去分词变来，如referee、a entee、trustee）、–ette（表示“小”，如novelette）等后缀均遵循法语重音模式，最后一个音节重读。renai ance一词从语音上说还未完全归化，既可按照英语模式在第二个音节上重读，也可按照法语模式在最后一个音节上重读。
2）西班牙语词汇：-ado是典型的西班牙语后缀，重音在字母a上，如Colorado, aficionado（……迷），等等。
3）拉丁词汇：比如ad infinitum（直至无限）中infinitum就按照拉丁语模式，在倒数第二个音节重读。拉丁语对英语重音最大的影响，在于倒数第二音节的辅音特征对重音位置有决定作用（详见第4部分）。
2、音节数、词性和前缀
音节数对英语重音位置也有明显的影响。下面我们分成三种情况考虑。第一种是单音节词。所有的单音节词都是重读的。第二种是双音节词，双音节词的重音主要受词性影响，其次是前缀。如果该词是动词、形容词、介词，重音往往在第二个音节上，如果是名词，重音往往在第一个音节上。前一类如defend，irate，above，后一类如window，cable等等。下面几个具有双重词性的单词最具启发性：作为动词，project（投射）、object（反对）、refuse（拒绝）、produce（生产）重音均在第二个音节上；作为名词，它们的重音都在第一个音节上（意思分别是项目、客体、垃圾、农产品）。前缀对双音节词影响较大，特别是a-、be-和en-（有em-、in-、im-等多个变体），以它们开头的词重音普遍在第二个音节。differ的重音很特殊，它是动词，相同后缀的双音节动词（infer，confer，refer）重音都在后面，differ的重音却在前面，估计是为了与defer（遵从）相区分。第三种是三音节和更多音节的词。这一类词的重音位置主要取决于后缀。因此我们在下一部分单独分析。
3、后缀与多音节单词重音
为了论述的简洁，我们引入三个术语：ultimate——末音节，penult——次末音节，antepenult——倒数第三音节。许多后缀对多音节英语单词重音位置的影响是首位的、决定性的，也即是说无论原来的单词重音在什么位置，都必须按照后缀给定的规则加以更改。我们可以根据重音位置的不同，将英语中常见的后缀分成下面几类。
1）ultimate重音：比较常见的后缀有–ade（如lemonade、blockade）、 –eer（如engineer、pioneer、domineer）、–ese（officialese, Chinese）、–esque（arabesque）
2）penult重音：最重要的是形容词后缀（也是名词后缀）-ic和名词后缀-ion，前者还有–atic、–etic、–fic等多种扩展形式，后者有–ation、–faction、-fication、–ition、-sion、-tion等多种扩展形式。对比geography / geographic、climate / climatic、sympathy / sympathetic；invite / invitation、satisfy / satisfaction、clarify/ clarification、compete / competition。但有几个常用的词是例外情况，catholic、lunatic、heretic、arithmetic和television（television的重音可以在penult上，也可在词首，因为这个词并不是动词+ion变来的，televise是后起的）。其他常见的penult重音后缀有：
–ana（表示与某主题相关的所有事物，如Victoriana, Americana）、–escence（表示过程，如convalescence，adolescence等等）、–escent（与前一个后缀对应的形容词后缀，如adolescent）、–i（表示国籍和语言，如Israeli，Pakistani等等）、–ics（表示学科或其他，如economics，antibiotics、acrobatics，但是politics例外）、–itis（表示炎症，如bronchitis、hepatitis、arthritis等等）。
3）antepenult重音：最重要的后缀如下
a）-ial：如imperial、aerial、differential等等。对比manager / managerial，editor / editorial，influence / influential。
b）-ous（扩展形式有-acious、–aneous、-eous、-ious等等，其中-ous前的i和e都算一个音节）：如sagacious、 ontaneous、courageous、su icious等等。
c）-ity（扩展形式有–acity、-aneity、–bility、–icity、–ility、-uity等等，其中-ity前面的e、u都算一个音节）： 如sagacity、 ontaneity、capability、futility、ingenuity等等。
d）-ian（扩展形式有-arian、-ician等等）：如humanitarian、Canadian、logician，对比mathematics / mathematician。
e）–ance, -ancy, -ence, -ency（抽象名词后缀）：如excellence、vigilance、benevolence、co istency等等。
f）-ant, -ent（与上一系列后缀相对应的形容词或名词后缀）：如tolerant、participant、determinant、resilient，等等。
g）-logy，-nomy（表示学科及其他）：例如astrology，economy，theology，等等。
其他常见的后缀还有-ia（抽象名词）、-arium（场所）、-cracy（统治）、-crat（统治者）、-graphy（记录术）、-ile（形容词名词后缀）、-iety（名词后缀，如sobriety、propriety）、-tude（抽象名词后缀），等等。
4）在antepenult之前的音节上重读：主要是一些弱读的后缀，如-able（或-ible）、-ary、-ery、-ory等等。重音往往在倒数第四音节上（少数在倒数第五音节上，如美国英语的laboratory）。如negligible、ordinary、contemporary、adversary、monastery、co ervatory，等等。尤其需要注意的是，-able（-ible）加在一个以重读音节结尾的单词上，重音要前移一个音节，对比compare / comparable（重音在首音节上）、admire / admirable。
5）不影响重读的后缀：相当多的后缀并不改变原来单词的发音。中国学生普遍把educator等词的重音发错（重音不是在a上，而是在e上），就是不明白这个规则。此类后缀常见的有–acy（与-ate结尾的形容词对应的名词后缀，如inadequacy）、–age、-al（如arrival 、exceptional等等）、–dom、 –er（-or, -ar）、-ful、–ing、-ise（-ize）、–ism、–ist 、–ive（对比productive / competitive）、-le 、–ly、、–ne 、–ry、–ty等等。
6）-ment 如果后面添加别的后缀，重音一般落在-ment上，比如governmental、sentimental、elementary、momentous。但-ity的决定力大于-ment，所以sentimentality的重音仍遵循-ity的规则。
4、倒数第二个音节（penult）的辅音特征
如前文所述，英语大部分词汇来源于拉丁语，也继承了拉丁语的一个主要重音规则，即如果penult的元音前面是双辅音（爆破音b、p、k、g、t、d在前，l或r在后，这样组成的双辅音除外），单词重音便落在penult上。此规则的效力大于后缀的效力。下面举例说明：
1）按照后缀规则，important的重音位置应该是在首音节上，但由于penult的辅音是rt，符合4的规则，因此重音落在penult上。conference和concurrence重音位置的差别也可如此解释。
2）ludicrous（可笑的）、celebrity（名人）等词虽然penult是双辅音，但属于爆破音+l / r的情况，所以4的规则不适用，仍遵循后缀规则。
上述四条基本概括了英语重音的规则，其中3、4条尤其重要。确定了单词重音位置，根据重读音节往前推两个音节为次重读音节的原理，我们就可以判断出英语生词的重音，再运用读音规则，便可顺利地找到它的发音。当然，由于英语来源庞杂，发展过程也很复杂，所以例外情况仍然不少。但只要掌握了上述原则，多加练习，我们就能举一反三，掌握不查词典也能读出英语单词的本领。
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发表于 2009-5-16 21:20
单词重音的规则1
单音节词无重音；因最后的一个音节上很少有重音,故双音节词的重音绝大多数在首音节上，如：
creature
例外：1)有少数必须重读的名词后缀，如：-
：employ
动词重音常会落在末音节，但这往往也是受拉丁语重音的影响（后有详述）。
）不少双音节词的重音与其词性相关，如：
如果倒数第二音节长，重音落在倒二音节；使倒二音节变长的情况主要见于下述两种情况：
）倒数第二音节的元音为长元音（紧元音），如：horizon[h
）倒数第二音节为完全封闭音节，即倒二音节的元音在两个或两个以上的辅音字母前，如：em
barra ，u
注意：以形容词后缀-ic及其相关后缀(-ics,-ical,
结尾的词，重音要落在-ic的前一个音节，而重读元音常为短元音（松元音），如:horrific
，economics,
biological
其实，这也可追溯于拉丁语重音的影响。拉丁语中规定,以-icus,-ica,-icum结尾的形容词,倒二音节的i为短元音,重音落在倒三，并且，为保持音步所占时间的长度不变，倒三音节的元音常为短元音。在借入英语的过程中,拉丁词尾-us,-a,-um逐渐消失,单词重音却还保持在-ic的前一个音节，其重读元音仍为短元音，
如倒数第二音节短（该音节的元音为短元音）时，重音在倒三音节:
英语中有不少后缀属于倒三重音，如：
nonymous
-ian:authori
-ion:compe
-ity:sim
plicity
4.有些后缀，往往要求保留其前词素的重音位置（称“重音从原”）：这有些类似英语复合词，因复合词的主重音往往落在第一个构词成分上，如：blackboard, friendship。
1）部份派生后缀，如，-ism,-ist,-ize,-ment ,-able…。
individual individualism
ideology ideologist
serial serialize
establish establishment
identify identifiable
2）所有8种屈折后缀，如-ed,-s…
investigate investigated
co equence co equences
介绍了总的重音规则后，这里再分析一下为什么英语动词中常常有末音节重音。其实这可能也是受到拉丁语重音的影响。比如，动词的重音中存在这样一种现象：
1)当动词末音节为长音节时，重音落在末音节。
①末音节含长元音，如：erase combine
②末音节为完全封闭音节（末辅音为两个及两个以上）,如：colla e, torment, ,i ult , exist…, 以及由后缀-esce（开始成为…）派生出的所有动词，如：convalesce(恢复)，rejuvenesce(变年轻)， luminesce(发冷光)等，重音均落在末音节。
其实，-esce源自拉丁语动词后缀 –escere，后者的倒二音节为完全封闭音节，故重音落在倒二音节；而在借入英语的过程中，词尾-ere为-e替代，因而丢失了一个音节，而重音不变，于是英语后缀-esce 表现为末音节重音。
2)当动词末音节为短音节（含短元音），重音落在倒数第二音节,如：astonish , exit
总之，单词的词尾结构，尤其是后缀对其重音的确定有决定性意义。即便遇上陌生的词汇，只要我们对其结构作出分析，往往能判断出重音所在。如：environmentalist，可分析如下：environ(倒二音节含长元音)environment（-ment重音从原）environmental（倒二音节为完全封闭音节）environmentalist（-ist 重音从原）。而在实际操作中，因很熟悉environment ，前两步往往就省略掉了。只要我们经常结合上述重音规则进行实践，最终能在面对一个英语单词时，敏捷反应，一眼判断出其重音所在
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发表于 2009-5-16 21:24
如何直接有效的划分英语单词找出重音
我读音99%准，我的建议是：
一般前面有Pre,Con,Ex这些prefix那么重音在后面。比如Precede, Prefer, Conglomerate,Exclude...
但是也有例外比如Excellent
还有就是，一般4,5个syllables重音都在第2个音，比如：
PerCEPtion, perFECTion, phiLOsophy, deLIberately
我觉得还是读书多，多说，有关系。
这个没什么技巧
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发表于 2009-5-16 21:25
英语七大特殊单词重音规则
英语中派生词的重音和词根重音一致。
派生词就是一些有同样词根的词。比如：
act, active, actively com'pare com'parison
带有下列后缀的词：
-ary, -ery, -ory, -ism, -ist, -mony, -ment, -ary
等，重音通常在第一个音节上。例如：
customary scientist slavery factory realism
带下列前缀的词：
a-, ab-, ac-, ad-, al-, be-, con-, de-, dis-, em-, en-, in-, mis-, re-, ta -, un-
重音通常在第二音节上。例如：
a'bout ab'duce ac'cede ad'mire be'long con'sult de'tect dis'like
带下列后缀的词：
-aim, -ain, -cur, -eem, -duce, -ere, -firm, -gn, -oin, -oke, -ose, -pt, -rce, -self, -ume
重音通常在第二音节。
contain occur sincere design confirm
带下列后缀的词：
-ade, -ain, -ee, -eer, -esque, -ette, -ique, -ine, -oon
重音通常在最后一个音节。这些词一般都是从法语中借来的词。例如：
emplo'yee an'tique maga'zine ci'gar
volun'teer gaso'line
带下列后缀的词：
-eous, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ient, -ion, -ious, -ish, -it, -liar, -sive, -tal, -uous
重音通常在倒数第二音节上。例如：
oc'casion re'lation as'tonish de'posit mu'sician
但是有些派生词，比如从名词派生出来的形容词，它的重音就得发生变化，通常是后移。
'science scien'tific 'accident acci'dental 'democrat demo'cratic 'politics po'litical
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发表于 2009-5-16 21:36
读准多音节词的重音
：Mr Robot, 今天该说多音节词的重音规则了吧？
Mr Robot
: Yes. 多音节词指的是含有三个或三个以上音节的词，它们的重音是有一些规律可循的。
：那一共有几条规则呢？
Mr Robot
: 嗯，根据你目前的英语水平，可以先学以下四条：
　　1．多音节词通常重读倒数第三个音节，也就是说，假如这个词只有三个音节，那就应该重读第一个音节,如:`accident, `Africa, `Italy, `family, `favorite等。如果有四个音节， 就要重读第二个音节, 如: A`merican, bi`ology, in`telligent, o`pinion, de`licious等, 以此类推。
　　2．双音节词加上前缀或后缀所构成的多音节词，重音一般在原来词根的重读音节上。如：ex`change,
un`friendly, `dangerous, re`quirement, `officer, `usually等。
　　3． 多音节复合名词通常重读第一个音节。如：
　　`basketball, `goalkeeper, `interview, `new aper, `sungla es等。
　　4． 词尾有-tion, -sion或-ian的多音节词，其重音一般在-tion, -sion或-ian前面的一个音节上。你瞧：a li`cation， di`rection； de`cision(决定)； I`talian, mu`sician等。但`television（电视）例外。
： 为什么有的单词的左下角有个“.”号呀？
Mr Robot
: 哦，这叫次重音符号。
：那次重音又是怎么回事呢？
Mr Robot
: 噢，笨笨熊真好学啊！朗读单词时，按照发每个音时呼出气流的强度，我们通常可把重音分为主重音和次重音两类。所谓主重音，就是我们平常所说的重读音节，可在其左上方标上重音符号“`”来表示。而次重音呢，发音时呼出的气流比主重音稍弱一点，但比非重读音节强得多，我们常在此音节的左下方标“.”来表示。一般来说，从重读音节算起的倒数的第三个音节处就是次重音。如：.a li`cation, .infor`mation, .under`stand等。
Mr Robot
: 哦，原来是这样。
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发表于 2009-5-16 21:48
读准20个单词就能彻底改进发音
1. important adj. 重要的
☆ It's important to eat healthy food.
饮食健康很重要。
2. nece ary adj. 必须的；必要的
☆ It's not nece ary to thank me.
不需要感谢我。
3. convenience n. 便利；方便
☆ Please call me at your earliest convenience.
请尽快打***给我。
4. determination n. 决心
☆ It takes a lot of determination to succeed.
要成功就要下很大的决心。
5. adequate adj. 足够的；适当的
☆ His English is not adequate to study abroad.
他的英语水平不足以令他去国外学习。
6. perseverance n. 毅力；不屈不挠的精神
☆ I admire your perseverance.
我钦佩你的毅力。
7. environment n. 环境
☆ We should care more about the environment.
我们应该更加关注环境。
8. understanding n. 理解；谅解；体谅
☆ I really need your understanding.
我真的需要你的体谅。
9. resources n. 资源
☆ Don't waste our natural resources.
不要浪费我们的自然资源。
10. accomplishment n. 成就
☆ You should be proud of your accomplishment.
你应该为你取得的成就感到骄傲。
11. creativity n. 创造力
☆ We need creativity to solve this problem.
要解决这个问题，我们需要创造力。
12. circumstances n. 环境；境况
☆ Never blame your circumstances.
永远不要埋怨客观环境。
13. permanent adj. 永久的；不变的
☆ Please write down your permanent addre .
请写下您的长住地址。
14. temporary adj. 暂时的；临时的
☆ This job is only temporary.
这份工作只是暂时的。
15. complicated adj. 复杂的
☆I think English grammar is too complicated.
我觉得英语语法太复杂了。
16. unfortunately adv. 不幸地
☆ Unfortunately, I didn't get your me age.
很不走运，我没有收到你的信息。
17. productive adj. 富有成效的
☆ I had a productive day.
我过了充实的一天。
18. Significant adj. 有重大意义的；显著的
☆ I made significant progre this month in learning English.
这个月，我的英语学习取得了显著的进步。
19. compromise n.&am v. 妥协；折衷
☆ Compromise is always nece ary.
妥协总是有必要的。
20. attitude n. 态度
☆ She has a great attitude.
她态度很端正。
21. experience n. 经验
☆ I don't have much experience with computers.
我没怎么用过电脑。
22. friendship n. 友谊
☆ I really a reciate your friendship.
我真的很感谢你的友谊。
23. difference n. 差异；差别
☆It won't make much difference whether you go today or tomorrow.
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最完整的英语词根词缀表
Root, Prefix or Suffix
Meaning
Examples
a, ac, ad, af, ag, al, an, ap, as, at
to, toward, near, in addition to, by
aside, accompany, adjust, aggre ion, allocate, a ihilate, affix, a ociate, attend, adverb
a-, an-
not, without
apolitical, atheist, anarchy, anonymous, apathy, aphasia, anemia
ab, a away from, off
a olve, abrupt, a ent
-able, -ible
Adjective: worth, ability
solvable, incredible
acer, acid, acri
bitter, sour, sharp
acerbic, acidity, acrid, acrimony
act, ag
do, act, drive
active, react, agent, active, agitate
acute, acupuncture, accurate
-acy, -cy
Noun: state or quality
privacy, nfancy, adequacy, intimacy, supremacy
act, product, sweet drink
blockade, lemonade
aer, aero
air, atmo here, aviation
aerial, aerosol, aerodrome
ag, agi, ig, act
do, move, go
agent, agenda, agitate, navigate, ambiguous, action
Noun: activity, or result of action
courage, suffrage, shrinkage, to age
agri, agro
pertaining to fields or soil
agriculture, agroindustry
Noun: action, result of action
referral, disavowal, di osal, festival
-al, -ial, -ical
Adjective: quality, relation
structural, territorial, categorical
alb, albo
white, without pigment
albino, albite
ali, allo, alter
alias, alibi, alien, alloy, alter, alter ego, altruism
high, deep
altimeter, altitude
am, ami, amor
love, like, liking
amorous, amiable, amicable, enamoured
ambidextrous
to walk
ambulatory, amble, ambulance, somnambulist
Noun: person
artisan, guardian, historian, magician
ana, ano
up, back, again, anew
anode, anagram, anagenetic
-ance, -ence
Noun: action, state, quality or proce resistance, independence, extravagance, fraudulence
-ancy, -ency
Noun: state, quality or capacity
vacancy, agency, truancy, latency
andr, andro
male, characteristics of men
androcentric, android
angular
mind, life, irit, anger
animal, animate, animosity
a , a u, e i
a ual, a ual, a uity, a iversary, perrenial
-ant, -ent
Noun: an agent, something that performs the action
disinfectant, dependent, fragrant
-ant, -ent, -ient
Adjective: kind of agent, indication
important, dependent, convenient
anterior, anteroom, antebellum, antedate, antecedent antediluvian
anthrop
anthropology, misanthrope, philanthropy
anti, ant
agai t, o osite
antisocial, antiseptic, antithesis, antibody, antinomies, antifreeze, antipathy
anti, antico
antique, antiquated, antiquity
apo, ap, aph
away from, detached, formed
apology, apocaly e, aphagia
aqueous
-ar, -ary
Adjective: resembling, related to ectacular, unitary
chief, first, rule
archangel, architect, archaic, monarchy, matriarchy, patriarchy, Archeozoic era
-ard, -art
Noun: characterized
braggart, drunkard, wizard
aster, astr
aster, asterisk, asteroid, astronomy, astronaut
Noun: state, office, fuction
candidate, electorate, delegate
Verb: cause to be
graduate, ameliorate, amputate, colligate
Adjective: kind of state
inviolate
Noun: action, resulting state ecialization, aggravation, alternation
auc, aug, aut
to originate, to increase
augment , author, augment, auction
aud, audi, aur, aus
to hear, listen
audience, audio, audible, auditorium, audiovisual, audition, auricular, ausculate
aug, auc
increase
augur, augment, auction
aut, auto
automobile, automatic, automotive, autograph, autonomous, autoimmune
weight, pre ure
barometer
on, around, over, about, exce ively, make, cause, name, affect
berate, bedeck, be eak, belittle, beleaguer
rebellion, belligerent, casus belli, bellicose
good, well, gentle
benefactor, beneficial, benevolent, benediction, beneficiary, benefit
bi, bine
biped, bifurcate, biweekly, bivalve, bia ual
bibl, bibli, biblio
bibliophile, bibliography, Bible
bio, bi
biography, biology, biometricsm biome, bio here
a reviate, brevity, brief
cad, cap, cas, ceiv, cept, capt, cid, cip
to take, to seize, to hold
receive, deceive, capable, capacious, captive, accident, capture, occasion, concept, intercept, force , except, reciprocate
cad, cas
to fall
cadaver, cadence, cascade
proce ion
motorcade
calorie, caloric, calorimeter
capit, capt
decapitate, capital, captain, caption
carnivorous, incarnate, reincarnation, carnal
cat, cata, cath
down, with
catalogue, category, catheter
caus, caut
burn, heat
caustic, cauldron, cauterize
cause, cuse, cus
cause, motive
because, excuse, accusation
ceas, ced, cede, ceed, ce to go, to yield, move, go, surrender
succeed, proceed, precede, recede, sece ion, exceed, succe ion
hundred
cente ial, century, centipede
centr, centri
eccentricity, centrifugal, concentric, eccentric
chrome, chromosome, polychrome, chromatic
chronology, chronic, chronicle chronometer, anachronism, synchronize
cide, cis, cise
to kill, to cut, cut down
fratricide, homicide, incision, incision, circumcision, sci ors
circumnavigate, circumflex, circumstance, circumcision, circumference, circumorbital, circumlocution, circumvent, circumscribe, circulatory
call, start
incite, citation, cite
citizen
civic, civil, civilian, civilization
clam, claim
cry out
exclamation, clamor, proclamation, reclamation, acclaim
lean, bend
decline, aclinic, inclination
clud, clus claus
to close, shut
include, exclude, clause, claustrophobia, enclose, exclusive, reclusive, conclude
co, cog, col, coll, con, com, cor
with, together
cohesivene , cognate, collaborate, convene, commitment, compre , contemporary, converge, compact, confluence, convenient, concatenate, conjoin, combine, correct
cogn, gnos
to know
recognize, cognizant, diagnose, agnostic, incognito, prognosis
com, con
complete, compel, co cious, conde e, confe , confirm
contr, contra, counter
agai t, o osite
contradict, counteract, contravene, contrary, counter y, contrapuntal
cord, cor, cardi
cordial, concord, discord, courage, encourage
corporation, corporal punishment, cor e, corpulent, corpus luteum
correct
escort, cortage
universe, world
cosmos, microcosm, cosmopolitan, cosmonaut
cour, cur, curr, curs
run, course
occur, excursion, discourse, courier, course
crat, cracy
autocrat, aristocrat, theocracy, technocracy
cre, cresc, cret, crease
create, crescent, accretion, increase
creature, recreation, creation
believe
creed, credo, credence, credit, credulous, incredulous, incredible
cresc, cret, crease, cru
rise, grow
crescendo, concrete, increase, decrease, accrue
separate, choose
critical, criterion, hypocrite
cur, curs
current, concurrent, concur, incur, recur, occur, courier, precursor, cursive
curator, curative, manicure
cycl, cyclo
wheel, circle, circular
Cyclo , unicycle, bicycle, cyclone, cyclic
from, down, away, to do the o osite, reverse, agai t
detach, deploy, derange, decrease, deodorize, devoid, deflate, degenerate
dec, deca
ten, ten times
decimal, decade, decalogue, decimate, decathlon
dec, dign
suitable
decent decorate dignity
dei, div
divinity, divine, deity, divination, deify
dem, demo
people, populace, population
democracy, demography, demagogue, epidemic
dent, dont
dental, denture, orthodontist, periodontal
skin, covering
hypodermic, dermatology, epidermis, taxidermy
di-, dy-
two, twice, double
divide, diverge, diglycerides
through, acro , between
diameter, diagonal, dialogue dialect, dialectic, diagnosis, diachronic
dic, dict, dit
say, eak
dictation, dictionary, dictate, dictator, Dictaphone, edict, predict, verdict, contradict, benediction
dis, dif
not, o osite of, reverse, separate, deprive of, away
dismi , differ, disallow, di erse, di uade, divide, disco ect, di roportion, disre ect, distemper, disarray
credit, audit
doc, doct
teach, prove
docile, doctor, doctrine, document, dogma, indoctrinate
master, that which is under control
dominate, dominion, predominant, domain
donate, condone
dormant, dormitory
thought, opinion, praise
orthodox, heterodox, paradox, doxology
run, step
syndrome, aerodrome, velodrome
duc, duct
to lead, pull
produce, abduct, product, tra ducer, viaduct, aqueduct, induct, deduct, reduce, induce
hard, lasting
durable, duration, endure
dynamo, dynamic, dynamite, hydrodynamics
bad, a ormal, difficult, impaired, unfavorable
dysfunctional, dyslexia, dy athy
not, mi ing, out, fully, away, computer network related
emit, embed, eternal,ether, erase, email, e-tailer
out of, outside
echo, ecli e, eclectic, ecesis, ecstasy, exzema
household, environment, relating to ecology or economy
ecology, economize, eco heres, ecomanagement
outside, external
ectomorph, ectoderm, ectoplasm
Verb: past te e
dre ed, faded, patted, closed, introduced
Adjective: having the quality or characteristics of
winged, moneyed, dogged, tiered
Verb: to cause to become
lengthen, moisten, sharpen
Adjective: material
golden, woolen, silken
en-, em-
put into, make, provide with, surround with
enamor, embolden, e lave, empower, entangle
-ence, -ency
Noun: action or proce , quality or state
reference, emergency, dependence, eminence, latency
i ide, within
endorse, endocardial, endergonic, endoskeleton, endoscope, endogenous
upon, close to, over, after, altered
epicenter, epicarp, epilogue, epigone, epidiorite
equidistant, equilateral, equilibrium, equinox, equation, equator
-er, -ier
Adjective: comparative
better, brighter, sooner, hotter, ha ier
-er, -or
Noun: person or thing that does something
flyer, reporter, player, member, fryer, collector, concentrator
-er, -or
Verb: action
ponder, dishonor, clamor
work, effect
energy, erg, allergy, ergometer, ergograph, ergophobia
collective qualities, art, practice, trade, collection, state, condition o ery, bakery, geenery, gallery, slavery
-es, -ies
Noun: plural of most nou ending in -ch, -s, -sh, -o and -z and some in -f and -y
pa es, gla es, ladies, heroes
-es, -ies
Verb: third person singular present indicative of ver that end in -ch, -s, -sh, - and some in -y
ble es, hushes, fizzes, defies
-e female
actre , godde , poete -est, -iest
Adjective or Adverb: superlative
latest, strongest, luckiest, lyingest
ev-, et-
time, age
medieval, eternal
out of, away from, lacking, former
exit, exhale, exclusive, exceed, explosion, ex-mayor
exter-, extra-, extro-
outside of, beyond
external, extri ic, extraordinary, extrapolate, extraneous, extrovert
fa, fe eak
fable, fabulous, fame, famous, confe , profe fac, fact, fec, fect, fic, fas, fea
do, make
difficult, fashion, feasible, feature, factory, fact, effect, manufacture, amplification, confection
fall, fals
deceive
fallacy, falsify, fallacious
quadrillionth
femtosecond
bear, carry
ferry, coniferous, fertile, defer, infer, refer, tra fer
fic, feign, fain, fit, feat
shape, make, fashion
fiction, faint, feign
belief, faith
confide, diffident, fidelity
fid, fide, feder
faith, trust
confidante, fidelity, confident, infidelity, infidel, federal, confederacy, semper fi
shape, form
figurem, effigy, figure, figment
fila, fili
filigree, filament, filter, filet, filibuster
end, ended, finished
final, finite, finish, confine, fine, refine, define, finale
repair, attach
fix, fixation, fixture, affix, prefix, suffix
flex, flect
flex, reflex, flexible, flexor, inflexibility, reflect, deflect,circumflex
affliction, conflict, inflict
flu, fluc, fluv, flux
influence, fluid, flue, flush, fluently, fluctuate, reflux, influx
Adverb: in a ma er of, marked by
fourfold
for, fore
forecast, fortune, foresee
forc, fort
strength, strong
effort, fort, forte, fortifiable, fortify, forte, fortitude
shape, resemble
form, format, conform, formulate, perform, formal, formula
fract, frag, frai
fracture, infraction, fragile, fraction, refract, frail
subterfuge, refuge, centrifuge
Noun: an amount or quanity that fills
mouthful
Adjective: having, giving, marked by
fanciful
confuse, tra fuse
make, form into
falsify, dandify
marriage
bigamy, monogamy, polygamy
gastr, gastro
stomach
gastric, gastronomic, gastritis, gastropod
generous
birth, race, produce
genesis, genetics, eugenics, genealogy, generate, genetic, antigen, pathogen
geometry, geography, geocentric, geology
vital part
germination, germ, germane
carry, bear
congest, gestation
billion
gigabyte, gigaflop
careful
gingerly
glo , glot
glo ary, polyglot, epiglottis
glu, glo
lump, bond, glue
glue, agglutinate, conglomerate
to gather, to bring together
category, categorize
grad, gre , gree
to gather, to bring together, step, go
grade, degree, progre , gradual, graduate, egre graph, gram, graf
write, written, draw
graph, graphic, autograph, photography, graphite, telegram, polygraph, grammar, biography, lithograph, graphic
pleasing
congratulate, gratuity, grateful, ingrate
heavy, weighty
grave, gravity, aggravate, gravitate
gregarious, congregation, segregate, gregarian
hale, heal
make whole, sound
inhale, exhale, heal, healthy, healthine helio
heliograph, heliotrope, heliocentric
hema, hemo
hemorrhage, hemoglobin, hemophilia, hemostat
her, here, hes
adhere, cohere, cohesion, inherent, hereditary, hesitate
other, different
heterodox, heterogeneous, heterosexual, heterodyne
hex, ses, sex
hexagon, hexameter, sestet, sextuplets
homogenize, homosexual, homonym, homophone
hum, human
earth, ground, man
humus, exhume, humane
hydr, hydra, hydro
dehydrate, hydrant, hydraulic, hydraulics, hydrogen, hydrophobia
over, above
hyperactive, hyperte ive, hyperbolic, hyperse itive, hyperventilate, hyperkinetic
hy sleep
hy osis, hy otherapy
Noun: names, diseases
-ian, an
Noun: related to, one that is
pedestrian, human
Noun: art of healing ychiatry
Adjective: quality, relation
generic
-ic, ics
Noun: related to the arts and sciences
arithmetic, economics
Noun: act
Verb: cause ecify
ignite, igneous, ignition
Adjective: having the qualities of
projectile
into, on, near, towards
i tead, import
in, im, il, ir
illegible, irresolute, inaction, inviolate, i ocuous, intractable, i ocent, impregnable, impo ible, imposter
beneath
infrared, infrastructure
Noun: material made for, activity, result of an activity
flooring, swimming, building
Verb: present participle
depicting
Adjective: activity
cohering
between, among
international, intercept, interject, intermi ion, internal, intermittent,
within, during, between layers, underneath
intramural, intranet, intranatal
into, within, inward
interoffice, introvert, intro ection, introduce
Noun: condition or action
abduction
Adjective: having the character of
Noun: doctrine, belief, action or conduct
formalism
Noun: person or member
podiatrist
Noun: state or quality
graphite
-ity, ty
Noun: state or quality
lucidity, novelty
Noun: condition
-ive, -ative, -itive
Adjective: having the quality of
festive, cooperative, se itive
Verb: cause
fantasize
jac, ject
reject, eject, project, trajectory, interject, dejected, inject, ejaculate, adjacent
join, junct
adjoining, enjoin, juncture, conjunction, injunction, conjunction
prejudice
jug, junct, just
to join
junction, adjust, conjugal
juvenile, rejuvenate
laborious, belabor
lau, lav, lot, lut
launder, lavatory, lotion, ablution, dilute
lect, leg, lig
choose, gather, select, read
collect, legible, eligible
legal, legislate, legislature, legitimize
-le Adjective: without, mi ing
motivele levi
alleviate, levitate, levity
lex, leag, leg
legal, college, league
liber, liver
liberty, liberal, liberalize, deliverance
collide, nuclide
letters
literary, literature, literal, alliteration, obliterate
loc, loco
place, area
location, locally, locality, allocate, locomotion
log, logo, ology
word, study, say, eech, reason, study
catalog, prologue, dialogue, zoology, logo
loqu, locut
talk, eak
eloquent, loquacious, colloquial, circumlocution
luc, lum, lun, lus, lust
tra lucent, luminary, luster, luna, illuminate, illustrate
prelude
Adverb: in the ma er of
fluently
macr-, macer
emaciated, meager
magnify, magnificent, magnanimous, magnate, magnitude, magnum
strength, foremost
mai tream, mai ail, domain, remain
bad, badly
malformation, maladjusted, dismal, malady, malcontent,malfunction, malfeasance, maleficent
man, manu
hand, make, do
manual, manage, manufacture, manacle, manicure, manifest, maneuver, emancipate, management
command
mandatory, remand, mandate
madne mania, maniac, kleptomania, pyromania
mar, mari, mer
sea, pool
marine, marsh, maritime, mermaid
matrimony, maternal, matriarchate, matron
half, middle, between, halfway
mediate, medieval, Mediterranean, mediocre, medium
great, million
megaphone, megaton, megaflop, megalomaniac, megabyte, megalopolis
recall, remember
memo, commemoration, memento, memoir, memorable
mental, mention
Noun: condition or result
document
mesomorph, mesoamerica, meso here
beyond, change
metaphor, metamorphosis, metabolism, metahistorical, metainformation
measure
meter, voltammeter, barometer, thermometer
admeasure, a ortion
metrics, asymmetric, parametric, telemetry
small, millionth
microscope, microfilm, microcard, microwave, micrometer, microvolt
migrate, emigrant, immigrate
mill, kilo
thousand
mille ium, kilobyte, kiloton
thousandth
millisecond, milligram, millivolt
little, small
minute, minor, minuscule
wrong, bad, badly
misconduct, misinform, misinterpret, mi ronounce, mi omer, mistake, misogynist
mit, mi send
emit, remit, submit, admit, commit, permit, tra mit, omit, intermittent, mi ion, mi ile
mob, mov, mot
motion, remove, mobile, motor
warn, remind
monument, admonition, monitor, premonition
monopoly, monotype, monologue, mononucleosis, monorail, monotheist,
mor, mort
mortal, death
mortal, immortal, mortality, mortician, mortuary
shape, form
amorphous, dimorphic, metamorphosis, morphology, polymorphic, morpheme, amorphous
many, much
multifold, multilingual, multiped, multiply, multitude, multipurpose, multinational
billionth
nanosecond, nanobucks
nasc, nat, gnant, nai
to be born
nascent, native, pregnant, naive
nat, nasc
to be from, to ring forth
i ate, natal, native, renai ance
Neolithic, nuveau riche, neologism, neophyte, neonate
-ne Noun: state, condition, quality
kindne neur
neuritis, neuropathic, neurologist, neural, neurotic
law, order
autonomy, astronomy, gastronomy, economy
nom, nym
nominate, synonym
nomen, nomin
nomenclature, nominate, ignominious
nonagon
nonferrous, no e e, nonabrasive, nondescript
novel, renovate, novice, nova, i ovate
nox, noc
nocturnal, equinox, noctilucent
numeral, numeration, enumerate, i umerable
numisma
numismatics
ob, oc, of, op
toward, agai t, in the way
o ose, occur, offer, obtain
octopus, octagon, octogenarian, octave
few, little
Oligocene, oligosaccharide, oligotrophic, oligarchy
all, every
omnipotent, omniscient, omnipresent, omnivorous
anonymous, eudonym, antonym, synonym
operate, cooperate, opus
Noun: condition or activity
valor, honor, humor, minor
straight, correct
orthodox, orthodontist, orthopedic, unorthodox
Noun: place for, serves for
territory, rectory
-ous, -eous, -ose, -ious
Adjective: having the quality of, relating to
adventurous, courageous, verbose, fractious
exce ive, above
overwork, overall, overwork
pacifist, pacify, pacific ocean
pair, pare
arrange, a emblage, two
repair, impair, compare, prepare
Paleozoic, Paleolithic, paleomagnetism, paleo ychology
Pan-American, pan-African, panacea, pandemonium (place of all the demo ),
paradox, paraprofe ional, paramedic, paraphrase, parachute
pat, pa , path
feel, suffer
patient, pa ion, sympathy, pathology
pater, patr
paternity, patriarch, patriot, patron, patronize
path, pathy
feeling, suffering
pathos, sympathy, antipathy, apathy, telepathy
ped, pod
pedal, impede, pedestrian, centipede, tripod, podiatry, antipode, podium
orthopedic, pedagogue, pediatrics
pel, puls
drive, push, urge
compel, di el, expel, repel, propel, pulse, impulse, pulsate, compulsory, expulsion, repulsive
pend, pe , pond
hang, weigh
pendant, pendulum, su end, a endage, pe ive, a end
through, inte ive
persecute, permit, per ire, perforate, persuade
periscope, perimeter, perigee, periodontal
macrophage, bacteriophage
phan, phas, phen, fan, phant, fant
show, make visible
phantom, fantasy
phe eak
bla heme, cipher, phenomenon, philosopher
philosopher, philanthropy, philharmonic, bibliophile
phlegma
inflammation
phlegm, phlegmatic
phobia, phobos
phobia, claustrophobia, acrophobia, aquaphobia, ergophobia, homophobia
telephone, phonics, phonograph, phonetic, homophone, microphone, symphony, euphonious
phot, photo
photograph, photoelectric, photogenic, photosynthesis, photon
trillionth
picofarad, picocurie, picovolt
paint, show, draw
picture, depict
plac, plais
placid, placebo, placate, complacent
pli, ply
reply, implicate, ply
cry out, wail
implore, exploration, deploring
plu, plur, plus
plural, pluralist, plus euma, eumon
breath eumatic, eumonia,
foot, feet
podiatry, tripod
metropolis, police, politics, Indianapolis, megalopolis, acropolis
polytheist, polygon, polygamy, polymorphous
pon, pos, pound
place, put
postpone, component, o onent, proponent, expose, impose, deposit, posture, position, expound, impound
population, populous, popular
porter, portable, tra ort, report, export, import, su ort, tra ortation
portion
part, share
portion, proportion
after, behind
postpone, postdate
potential, potentate, impotent
pre, pur
precede
prehendere
seize, gra a rehend, comprehend, comprehe ive, prehe ile
prin, prim, prime
primacy, prima do a, primitive, primary, primal, primeval, prince, principal
for, foward
prototype, protocol, protagonist, protozoan, Proterozoic, protoindustrial ych
mind, soul yche, ychiatry, ychology, ychosis
point, dot
punctual, punctuation, puncture, acupuncture, punctuation
di ute, computer
quat, quad
quadrangle, quadruplets
quint, penta
quintet, quintuplets, pentagon, pentane, pentameter
equip, equipment
quir, quis, quest, quer
seek, ask
query, inquire, exquisite, quest
back, again
report, realign, retract, revise, regain
reg, recti
straighten
regiment, regular, rectify, correct, direct, rectangle
backwards
retrorocket, retro ect, retrogre ion, retroactive
ri, ridi, risi
laughter
deride, ridicule, ridiculous, derision, risible
rog, roga
prerogative, interrogation, derogatory
rupture, interrupt, abrupt, disrupt, ruptible
sacr, sanc, secr
sacred, sacrosanct, sanction, co ecrate, desecrate
salv, salu
safe, healthy
salvation, salvage, salutation
sanctify, sanctuary, sanction, sanctimonious, sacrosanct
sat, satis
satient, saturate, satisfy
sci, scio, scientia
science, co cious, omniscient, cognocienti
see, watch
telescope, microscope, kaleidoscope, periscope, stethoscope
scrib, script
scribe, scri le, i cribe, describe, su cribe, prescribe, manuscript
apart, move away from
sect, sec
intersect, tra ect, di ect, secant, section
sed, se , sid
sediment, se ion, o e ion, po e , preside, president, reside, su ide
half, partial
semifinal, semico cious, semia ual, semimonthly, semicircle
sen, scen
old, grow old
senior, senator, senile, senescence, evanescent
sent, se feel, think
sentiment, co ent, resent, di ent, sentimental, se e, se ation, se itive, se ory, di e ion
septet, septe ial
sequ, secu, sue
sequence, co equence, sequel, su equent, prosecute, co ecutive, second, e ue, pursue
save, serve, keep
servant, service, su ervient, servitude, preserve, co erve, reservation, deserve, co ervation, o erve
Noun: status, condition
relatio hip, friendship
sign, signi
sign, mark, seal
signal, signature, design, i ignia, significant
simil, simul
like, resembling
similar, a imilate, simulate, simulacrum, simultaneous
sist, sta, stit
stand, withstand, make up
a ist, i ist, persist, circumstance, stamina, status, state, static, stable, stationary, su titute
to join, companio sociable, society
sol, solus
solo, soliloquy, solitaire, solitude, solitary, isolate
solv, solu, solut
loosen, explain
solvent, solve, a olve, resolve, soluble, solution, resolution, resolute, di olute, a olution
i omnia, somnambulist
sophomore (wise fool), philosophy, sophisticated ec, ect, i, ic
look, see ecimen, ecific, ectator, ectacle, a ect, eculate, i ect, re ect, pro ect, retro ective, intro ective, expect, co icuous er
render favorable
pro er here
ball, here here, strato here, hemi here, heroid ir
breath irit, co ire, i ire, a ire, expire, per ire, re iration
stand, stant, stab, stat, stan, sti, sta, st, stead
stature, establish, stance
mo ter, mo ter
strain, strict, string, stige
bind, pull, draw tight
stringent, strict, restrict, co trict, restrain, boa co trictor
stru, struct, stroy, stry
co true, structure, co truct, i truct, o truct, destruction, destroy, industry, ministry
sub, suc, suf, sup, sur, sus
under, below, from, secretly, i tead of
sustain, survive, su ort, suffice, succeed, submerge, submarine, su tandard, su ormal, subvert
sume, sump
take, use, waste
co ume, a ume, sump, presumption
super, supra
over, above
superior, suprarenal, superscript, supernatural, superimpose, supercede
syn, sym
together, at the same time
sympathy, synthesis, synchronous, syndicate
tact, tang, tag, tig, ting
tactile, contact, intact, intangible, tangible, contagious, contiguous, contingent
tain, ten, tent, tin
hold, keep, have
retain, continue, content, tenacious
tect, teg
detect, protect, tegular, tegument
distance, far, from afar
telephone, telegraph, telegram, telescope, television, telephoto, telecast, telepathy, telepathy
tem, tempo
tempo, temporary, extemporaneously, contemporary, pro tem, temporal
ten, tin, tain
tenacious, tenant, tenure, untenable, detention, retentive, content, pertinent, continent, o tinate, contain, a tain, pertain, detain
tend, tent, te stretch, strain
tendency, extend, intend, contend, pretend, superintend, tender, extent, te ion, prete e
trillion
terabyte, teraflop
end, boundary, limit
exterminate, terminal
terr, terra
terrain, terrarium, territory, terrestrial
to bear witne testament, detest, testimony, attest, testify
the, theo
God, a god
monotheism, polytheism, atheism, theology
thermometer, theorem, thermal, thermos bottle, thermostat, hypothermia
thesis, thet
place, put
antithesis, hypothesis, synthesis, epithet
draw, pull
attire, retire, entire
atom (not cutable), a endectomy, to illectomy, dichotomy, anatomy
tor, tors, tort
torture, retort, extort, distort, contort, torsion, tortuous, torturous
toxic, intoxicate, antitoxin
tract, tra, trai, treat
drag, draw, pull
attract, tractor, traction, extract, retract, protract, detract, subtract, contract, intractable
tra acro , beyond, change
tra form, tra oceanic, tra mit, tra ortation, tra ducer
tripod, triangle, trinity, trilateral
pay, bestow
tribute, contribute, attribute, retribution, tributary
tribute
contribute, distribute, tributary
disturb
turbulent, disturb, turbid, turmoil
type, prototype, typical, typography, typewriter, typology, typify
ultimate, ultimatum
umber, umbraticum
umbra, penumbra, (take) umbrage, adumbrate
not, agai t, o osite
unceasing, unequal
uniform, unilateral, universal, unity, unanimous, unite, unison, unicorn
Noun: act, condition, proce , function
exposure, conjecture, measure
vacate, vacuum, evacuate, vacation, vacant, vacuous
evade, invader
vale, vali, valu
strength, worth
equivalent, valiant, validity, evaluate, value, valor
veh, vect
to carry
vector, vehicle, convection, vehement
ven, vent
convene, intervene, venue, convenient, avenue, circumvent, invent, convent, venture, event, advent, prevent
ver, veri
very, aver, verdict, verity, verify, verisimilitude
verb, verv
verify, veracity, verbalize, verve
vert, vers
turn, change
convert, revert, advertise, versatile, vertigo, invert, reversion, extravert, introvert, diversion, introvert, convertible, reverse, controversy
viable, vibrate, vibrant
vic, vicis
change, su titute
vicarious, vicar, vici itude
vict, vinc
conquer
victor, evict, convict, convince, invincible
vid, vis
video, evident, provide, providence, visible, revise, supervise, vista, visit, vision, review, indivisible
viv, vita, vivi
alive, life
revive, survive, vivid, vivacious, vitality, vivisection, vital, vitami , revitalize
voc, voke
vocation, avocation, convocation, invocation, evoke, provoke, revoke, advocate, provocative, vocal
malevolent, benevolent, volunteer, volition
volcano, vulcanize, Vulcan
volv, volt, vol
turn about, roll
revolve, voluble, voluminous, convolution, revolt, evolution
eat greedily
voracious, carnivorous, herbivorous, omnivorous, devour
Adverb: in a direction or ma er
homeward
Adverb: in the ma er of, with regard to
timewise, clockwise, bitwise
withhold, without, withdraw, forthwith
Noun: state, condition, result of an activity
society, victory
Adjective: marked by, having
hungry, angry, smeary, teary
zoo (zoological garden), zoology, zodiac, protozoan
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英语写作，文章开头，主体展开以及结尾的实用方法
Chapter One 文章开头句型
1-1 对立法 : 先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法,
适用于有争议性的主题.
例如(e.g)
[1]. When asked about....., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that ....... But I think/view a bit differently.
[2]. When it comes to .... , some people bielive that ....... Others argue/claim that the o osite/reverse is true . There is probably some truth in both arguements/statements , but (I tend to the profer/latter ...)
[3]. Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that .... They claim/ believe/argue that ... But I wonder/doubt whether.....
1-2 现象法 引出要剖析的现象或者问题, 然后评论 .
[1]. Recently the rise in problem of/(phenomenon of) ... has cause/aroused public/popular/wide/ worldwide concern.
[2]. Recently the i ue of the problem of/the phenomenon of ...has been brought into focus. ( has been brouth to public attention)
[3].Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality ... is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/co tantly.
----- To be continued !!
1-3 观点法 ----开门见山,直接了当地提出自己对要讨论的问题的看法.
[1]. Never history has the change of .. been as evident as ... Nowhere in the world/China has the i ue/idea of .. be more visible/popular than...
[2]. Now people in growing/significant numbers are begi ig/coming to realize/accept/(be aware) that...
[3]. Now there is a growing awarene /recognation ot the nece ity to......Now people become increasingly aware/co cious of the importance of ......
[4]. Perha it is time to have a fresh look at the attitude/idea that.......
1-4 引用法 ----- 先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法, 来引出文章要展开论述的观点!
[1]. Knowledge is power. such is the remark made by Bacon.This remark has been shared by more and more people .
Education is not complete with gradulation. Such is the o ion of a great American philosopher. Now more and more people share his o ion.
[2].......... How often we hear such statements/words like thoses /this .
In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complai as this .......
1-5 比较法 ------ 通过对过去,现在 两种不同的倾向,观点的比较 , 引出文章要讨论的观点.
[1]. For years, ...had been viewed as ... But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing ... , people ....... .
[2]. People used to think that ... (In the past, ....) But people now share this new.
1-6 故事法 ---- 先讲一个较短的故事来引发读者的兴趣, 引出文章的主题.
[1]. Once in (a new aper) , I read of/learnt .... The phenemenon of ... has aroused public concern.
[2]. I have a friend who ... Should he .... ? Such a dilemma we are often confront with in our daily life.
[3]. Once upon a time , there lived a man who ... This story may be (u elievable) , but it still has a realistic significance now.
1-8 问题法 ----- 先用讨论或解答的设问, 引出自己观点, 适用于有争议性的话题.
Should/What ...... ? Optio of ... vary greatly , some ..., others ...
But in my opinion , ...... .
Chapter 2 文章中间主体内容句型
原因结果分析
3-1-1. 基本原因 --- 分析某事物时, 用此句型说明其基本的或者多方面的原因.
[1]. Why ... ? For one thing.. For another ...
[2]. The a wer to this problem invovles many factors. For one thing... For another...... Still another ...
[3]. A number of factors , both physical and ychological affect .... /both individual and social contribute to ....
3-1-2 另一原因 -------- 在分析了基本原因之后, 再补充一个次要的或者更重要时用!
[1]. Another important factor is ....
[2]. ... is also re o ible for the change/problem.
[3]. Certainly , the ... is not the sole reason for .....
3-1-3 后果影响 --------- 分析某事物可能造成的后果或者带来的影响 .
[1]. It will produce a profound/far-reaching effect/impact on....
[2]. In involves some serious co equence for ........
比较对照句型
3-2-1. 两者比较 --- 比较两事物, 要说出其一超过另一个, 或肯定一事物的优点, 也肯定其缺点的时候用 !
[1]. The advantages gained from A are much greater than the advantages we gain from B.
[2]. Indeed, A carries much weight when compared with B.
[3]. There is no doubt that it has its negative effects as well as positive effects.
3-2-2 . 两者相同/相似 ------ 比较两事物共同都有或者共同都没有的特点时用!
[1]. A and B have several thing in common. They are similar in that.....
[2]. A bears some sriking resemblance(s) to B.
Chapter Three 文章结尾形式
2-1 结论性--------- 通过对文章前面的讨论 ,引出或重申文章的中心思想及观点 .
[1]. From what has been discu ed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that .....
[2]. In summary/In a word , it is more valuable .......
2-2 后果性------ 揭示所讨论的问题若不解决, 将产生的严重后果.
[1]. We must call for an immediate method , because the current phenomenon of ... , if allowed to proceed, will surely lead to the heavy cost of .......
[2]. Obviously , if we ignore/are blind to the problem , there is every chance that .. will be put in danger.
2-3 号召性 -------- 呼吁读者行动起来, 采取行动或提请注意.
[1]. It is time that we urged an immediate end to the undesirable tendcy of ......
[2]. It is e ential thar effective measures should be taken to correct the tendency.
2-4 建议性 -------- 对所讨论的问题提出建议性的意见, 包括建议和具体的解决问题的方法.
[1]. While it ca ot be solved immediately, still there are ways. The most popular is .... Another method is ... Still another one is .....
[2]. Awarene /Recognition of the problem is the first step toward the situation.
2-5 方向性的结尾方式 ---- 其与建议性的唯一差别就是对问题解决提出总的, 大体的方向或者指明前景.
[1]. Many solutio are being offered here , all of them make some se e, but none is adequate enough. The problem should be recognized in a wide way .
[2]. There is no quick method to the i ue of .., but .. might be helpful/benefical.
[3]. The great challenge today is ...... There is much difficulty , but ........
2--6 意义性的结尾方式 -------- 文章结尾的时候,从更高的更新的角度指出所讨论的问题的重要性以及其深远的意义!
[1]. Following these suggestio may not guarantee the succe , but the pay off might be worth the effort . It will not only benefit but also benefit .....
[2]. In any case, whether it is posotive or negative, one thing is certain that it will undoubtedly ..
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一些比较经典地道的句子
果然不出我所料。 Just what I thought.
够了，不要再说了！ Enough! I don’t want to hear it!
怎么不说你自己？ Look who’s talking!
注：本句为俚语，带有“你也不够资格这样说”的讽刺意味。
我还会不知道吗？ Wouldn’t I know?
现实总是残酷的。 The truth hurts.（也常理解“真相伤害了你”）
注：本句若是在安慰人，是希望对方了解事情不会总是尽如人意，也可用来提醒对方对实际情况要有心理准备。
嘴巴放干净一点！ Wash your mouth out with soap!
注：本句是谚语，通常是母亲在训斥孩子；或是叫人别老是讲脏话。
没有其他可能了。 There’s no other way.
不然这样好不好？ How about this i tead?
不要紧，没什么事。 Don’t worry! It’s nothing.
怎样？ 我没说错吧！ What? I’m right, aren’t I?
我指使闹着玩的。 I’m just kidding.
这是命运的安排。 This is destiny.
一个巴掌拍不响。 It takes two to tango.
注：本句事成语，tango（探戈）是必须要有两个人才能跳的舞，所以引申为“一个巴掌拍不响”。
你竟敢放我鸽子！ How dare you stand me up!
你以为现在几点？ What time do you think it is?
怎么