Tables for Writing Characters - Unicode Explained - O'Reilly Media
Tables for Writing Characters - Unicode Explained
This appendix consists of compact information on writing characters.
The first three tables present some key sequences for writing some common
characters in a few environments. The last table is different: it maps the
Symbol font to Unicode.
This excerpt is from .
Possessing everything you need to grasp Unicode, this comprehensive reference takes you on a detailed guide through the complex character world. Learn how to identify and classify characters, utilize their properties, and process data in a robust manner. Other topics include collation and sorting, line breaking rules and
Unicode encodings. Perfect for both beginning and seasoned programmers.
In the first three tables, characters are classified logically, by
meaning and usage, rather than by Unicode structure.
contains Latin letters and their
is for Greek letters
commonly used characters. The columns in these tables are:A glyph of the character
(in Times or Times New Roman font, if
possible).A name of the character. Usually the Unicode name is used, but
for brevity, some attributes have been omitted, when they can be
inferred. Moreover, the name “guillemet” is used instead of “double
angle quotation mark.”The sequence of typing the character. This contains the Unicode
number in hexadecimal. You can use the number to construct the
character reference &#x
can be used in HTML and XML.The Alt-n sequence. This contains the
Unicode number in decimal, except for numbers in the range 128&#,
which are Windows Latin 1 codes. For numbers in the range 160&#, the
sequences work in all Windows environments.A special way that may work in MS Word.
This depends on Word version and settings as well as the keyboard. The
information given mainly applies to English (U.S.) keyboards. For
Greek letters, this column shows the key to be used on a qwerty
keyboard when set in Greek mode.The entity reference in HTML, if available. Otherwise the
(decimal) character reference, which can be used in HTML and in XML.
Note that you can alternatively use a hexadecimal reference based on
the number in column “Alt-X” (e.g., ¹).Notes, which refer to
annotations after the tables. They may
mention additional alternatives to produce the character, or comment
on the usage of a character, or explain notations. Some notes just
mention a language in which the character is used. This is meant to
help in identifying the character, not to exclude use in other
languages.
Table A-1. Latin letters and ligatures
 Name of character
WordHTMLNotesÁA with acutec10193Ctrl-' A
Note 1ĂA with breve102258 
 ÂA with circumflexc20194Ctrl-Shift-6 A
Note 1ÄA with dieresisc40196Ctrl-Shift-; A
Note 1ÀA with gravec00192Ctrl-` A
Note 1ĀA with macron100256 
 ĄA with ogonek104260 
 ÅA with ringc50197Ctrl-Shift-2 A
Note 1ǺA with ringand acute1fa506 
 ÃA with tildec30195Ctrl-~ A
Note 1ÆAEc60198Ctrl-Shift-7 A
Note 1ǼAE with acute1fc508 
 ĆC with acute106262 
 ČC with caron10c268 
 ÇC with cedillac70199Ctrl-, C
 ĈC with circumflex108264 
 ĊC with dot above10a266 
 ĎD with caron10e270 
 ĐD with stroke110272 
CroatianÐEthd00208Ctrl-' D
IcelandicÉE with acutec90201Ctrl-' E
Note 1ĔE with breve114276 
 ĚE with caron11a282 
 ÊE with circumflexca0202Ctrl-Shift-6 E
Note 1ËE with dieresiscb0203Ctrl-Shift-; E
Note 1ĖE with dot above116278 
 ÈE with gravec80200Ctrl-` E
Note 1ĒE with macron112274 
 ĘE with ogenek118280 
 ĞG with breve11e286 
 ĢG with cedilla122290 
 ĜG with circumflex11c284 
 ĠG with dot above120288 
 ĤH with circumflex124292 
 ĦH with stroke126294 
MalteseÍI with acutecd0205Ctrl-' I
Note 1ĬI with breve12c300 
 ÎI with circumflexce0206Ctrl-Shift-6 I
Note 1ÏI with dieresiscf0207Ctrl-Shift-; I
Note 1İI with dot above130304 
 ÌI with gravecc0204Ctrl-` I
Note 1ĪI with macron12a298 
 ĮI with ogonek12e302 
 ĨI with tilde128296 
 IJligature IJ132306 
DutchĴJ with circumflex134308 
 ĶK with cedilla136310 
 ĹL with acute139313 
 ĽL with caron13d317 
 ĻL with cedilla13b315 
 ĿL with middle dot13f319 
 ŁL with stroke141321 
PolishŃN with acute143323 
 ŇN with caron147327 
 ŅN with cedilla145325 
 ÑN with tilded10209Ctrl-Shift-` N
Note 1ŊEng14a330 
SámiÓO with acuted30211Ctrl-' O
Note 1ŎO with breve14e334 
 ÔO with circumflexd40212Ctrl-Shift-6 O
Note 1ÖO with dieresisd60214Ctrl-Shift-; O
Note 1ŐO with double acute150336 
HungarianÒO with graved20210Ctrl-` O
Note 1ŌO with macron14c332 
 ØO with obliquestroked80216Ctrl-/ O
DanishǾO with stroke andacute1fe510 
 ÕO with tilded50213Ctrl-Shift-` O
Note 1Œligature OE1520140Ctrl-Shift-7 O
Note 1ŔR with acute154340 
 ŘR with caron158344 
 ŖR with cedilla156342 
 ŚS with acute15a346 
 ŠS with caron1600160 
 ŞS with cedilla15e350 
 ŜS with circumflex15c348 
 ŤT with caron164356 
 ŢT with cedilla162354 
 ŦT with stroke166358 
SámiÞThornde0222 
IcelandicÚU with acuteda0218Ctrl-' U
Note 1ŬU with breve16c364 
 ÛU with circumflexdb0219Ctrl-Shift-6 U
Note 1ÜU with dieresisdc0220Ctrl-Shift-; U
Note 1ŰU with double acute170368 
HungarianÙU with graved90217Ctrl-` U
Note 1ŪU with macron16a362 
 ŲU with ogonek172370 
 ŮU with ring above16e366 
 ŨU with tilde168360 
 ŴW with circumflex174372 
 ÝY with acutedd0221Ctrl-' Y
Note 1ŶY with circumflex176374 
 ŸY with dieresis178376Ctrl-Shift-; Y
Note 1ŹZ with acute179377 
 ŽZ with caron17d381 
 ŻZ with dot above17b379 
 áa with acutee10225Ctrl-' a
Note 1ăa with breve103259 
 âa with circumflexe20226Ctrl-Shift-6 a
Note 1äa with dieresise40228Ctrl-Shift-; a
Note 1àa with gravee00224Ctrl-` a
Note 1āa with macron101257 
 ąa with ogonek105261 
 åa with ringe50229Ctrl-Shift-2 a
Note 1ǻa with ringand acute1fb507 
 ãa with tildee30227Ctrl-Shift-` a
Note 1æaee60230Ctrl-Shift-6 a
Note 1ǽae with acute1fd509 
 ćc with acute107263 
 čc with caron10d269 
 çc with cedillae70231Ctrl-, c
 ĉc with circumflex109265 
 ċc with dot above10b267 
 ďd with caron10f271 
 đd with stroke111273 
Croatianðethf00240Ctrl-' d
Icelandicée with acutee90233Ctrl-' e
Note 1ĕe with breve115277 
 ěe with caron11b283 
 êe with circumflexea0234Ctrl-Shift-6 e
Note 1ëe with dieresiseb0235Ctrl-Shift-; e
Note 1ėe with dot above117279 
 èe with gravee80232Ctrl-` e
Note 1ēe with macron113275 
 ęe with ogenek119281 
 ƒf with hook1920131 
ligature fifb0164257 
ligature flfb0264257 
 ğg with breve11f287 
 ģg with cedilla123291 
 ĝg with circumflex11d285 
 ġg with dot above121289 
 ĥh with circumflex125293 
 ħh with stroke127295 
Malteseíi with acuteed237Ctrl-' i
Note 1ĭi with breve12d301 
 îi with circumflexee0238Ctrl-Shift-6 i
Note 1ïi with dieresisef0239Ctrl-Shift-; i
Note 1ìi with graveec0236Ctrl-` i
Note 1īi with macron12b299 
 įi with ogonek12f303 
 ĩi with tilde129297 
 ıdotless i131305 
 ijligature ij133307 
Dutchĵj with circumflex135309 
 ķk with cedilla137311 
 ĸkra138312 
Greenl.ĺl with acute13a314 
 ľl with caron13e318 
 ļl with cedilla13c316 
 ŀl with middle dot140320 
 łl with stroke142322 
Polishʼnn preceded byapostrophe149329 
Afrikaansńn with acute144324 
 ňn with caron148328 
 ņn with cedilla146326 
 ñn with tildef10241Ctrl-Shift-` n
Note 1ŋeng14b331 
Sámióo with acutef30243Ctrl-' o
Note 1ŏo with breve14f335 
 ôo with circumflexf40244Ctrl-Shift-6 o
Note 1öo with dieresisf60246Ctrl-Shift-; o
Note 1őo with double acute151337 
Hungarianòo with gravef20242Ctrl-` o
Note 1ōo with macron14d333 
 øo with strokef80248Ctrl-/ o
Danishǿo with strokeand acute1ff511 
 õo with tildef50245Ctrl-Shift-` o
Note 1œligature oe1530156Ctrl-Shift-6 o
Frenchŕr with acute155341 
 řr with caron159345 
 ŗr with cedilla157343 
 śs with acute15b347 
 šs with caron1610154 
 şs with cedilla15f351 
 ŝs with circumflex15d349 
 ſlong s17f383 
Historicalßsharp sdf0223Ctrl-Shift-6 s
Note 1ťt with caron165357 
 ţt with cedilla163355 
 ŧt with stroke167359 
Sámiþthornfe0254 
Icelandicúu with acutefa0250Ctrl-' u
Note 1ŭu with breve16d365 
 ûu with circumflexfb0251Ctrl-Shift-6 u
Note 1üu with dieresisfc0252Ctrl-Shift-; u
Note 1űu with double acute171369 
Hungarianùu with gravef90249Ctrl-` u
Note 1ūu with macron16b363 
 ųu with ogonek173371 
 ůu with ring above16f367 
 ũu with tilde169361 
 ŵw with circumflex175373 
 ýy with acutefd0253Ctrl-' y
Note 1ŷy with circumflex177375 
 ÿy with dieresisff0255Ctrl-Shift-; y
Note 1źz with acute17a378 
 žz with caron17e382 
 żz with dot above17c380 
 Table A-2. Greek letters and tone marks Name of character
WordHTMLNotes΄Greek tonos384900;␠
Note 1΅Greek dialytika tonos385901W␠
Note 1ΑAlpha391913A
 ΆAlpha with tonos386902;A
 ΒBeta392914B
 ΓGamma393915G
 ΔDelta394916D
 ΕEpsilon395917E
 ΈEpsilon with tonos388904;E
 ΖZeta396918Z
 ΗEta397919H
 ΉEta with tonos389905;H
 ΘTheta398920U
 ΙIota399921I
 ΪIota with dialytika3aa938:I
 ΊIota with tonos38a906;I
 ΚKappa39a922K
 ΛLamda39b923L
 ΜMu39c924M
 ΝNu39d925N
 ΞXi39e926J
 ΟOmicron39f927O
 ΌOmicron with tonos38c908;O
 ΠPi3a0928P
≠ productΡRho3a1929R
 ΣSigma3a3931S
≠ sumΤTau3a4932T
 ΥUpsilon3a5933Y
 ΫUpsilon with dialytika3ab939:Y
 ΎUpsilon with tonos38e910;Y
 ϒUpsilon with hook symbol3d2978 
∉WGL4ΦPhi3a6934F
 ΧChi3a7935X
 ΨPsi3a8936C
 ΩOmega3a9937V
≠ ohmΏOmega with tonos38f911;V
 αalpha3b1945a
 άalpha with tonos3ac940;a
 βbeta3b2946b
 γgamma3b3947g
 δdelta3b4948d
 εepsilon3b5949e
 έepsilon with tonos3ad941;e
 ζzeta3b6950z
 ηeta3b7951h
 ήeta with tonos3ae942;h
 θtheta3b8952u
 ϑtheta symbol3d1977 
∉WGL4ιiota3b9953i
 ϊiota with dialytika3ca970:i
 ΐiota with dialytika and tonos390912Wi
 ίiota with tonos3af943;i
 κkappa3ba954k
 λlamda3bb955l
 μmu3bc956m
≠ microνnu3bd957n
 ξxi3be958j
 οomicron3bf959o
 όomicron with tonos3cc972;o
 πpi3c0960p
 ϖpi symbol3d6982 
∉WGL4ρrho3c1961r
 σsigma3c3963s
 ςfinal sigma3c2962w
 τtau3c4964t
 υupsilon3c5965y
 ϋupsilon with dialytika3cb971:y
 ΰupsilon with dialytika and tonos3b0944Wy
 ύupsilon with tonos3cd973;y
 φphi3c6966f
 χchi3c7967x
 ψpsi3c8968c
 ωomega3c9969v
 ώomega with tonos3ce974;v
 Table A-3. Other commonly needed
characters
 Name of character
WordHTMLNotes
Superscripts
      ¹Superscript oneb90185 
 ²Superscript twob20178 
 ³Superscript threeb30179 
      ½One half
 ¼One quarterbc01881/4
 ¾Three quartersbe01903/4
 ⅛One eighth215b8539 
 ⅜Three eighths215c8540 
 ⅝Five eighths215d8541 
 ⅞Seven eighths215e8542 
 ⁄Fraction slash20448260 
Presentational forms of Latin
ªFeminine ordinalindicatoraa0170 
SpanishºMasculine ordinalindicatorba0186 
SpanishⁿSuperscript n207f8319 
Letter-like
   ℅Care of21058453 
 ©Copyright signa90169(c)
AltGr-c℮Estimated symbol212e8494 
 µMicro signb50181AltGr-m
≠ muΩOhm sign21268486 
≠ Omega®Registered signae0174(r)
AltGr-rℓScript small l21138467 
 ™Trademark sign21220153(tm)
AltGr-t℘Script capital p21188472 
∉WGL4ℑBlack-letter capital I21118465 
∉WGL4ℜBlack-letter capital R211c8476 
∉WGL4ℵAlef symbol21358501 
∉WGL4
   ¢Cent signa20162Ctrl-/ c
 ¤Currency signa40164 
Generic$Dollar sign24036$
 €Euro sign20ac0128AltGr-e
Note 2₣French franc sign20a38355 
Historical₤Lira sign20a48356 
Rare₧Peseta sign20a78359 
Historical£Pound signa30163 
 ¥Yen signa50165 
  "Quotation mark22 " Ctrl-z
ASCII'Apostrophe27 ' Ctrl-z
ASCII“Left doublequotation mark201c0147Ctrl-` "
Note 3”Right doublequotation mark201d0148Ctrl-' "
Note 3‘Left singlequotation mark20180145Ctrl-` '
Note 3’Right singlequotation mark20190146Ctrl-' '
Note 3«Left-pointing guillemetab0171Ctrl-` &
Note 3»Right-pointing guillemetbb0187Ctrl-` &
Note 3‹Left-pointing single angle quotation mark20390139 
 ›Right-pointing singleangle quotation mark203a0155 
 „Double low-9 quotation mark201e0132 
Note 3‚Single low-9 quotation mark201a0130 
Note 3‛Single high-reversed-9 quotation mark201b8219 
      -Hyphen-minus2d045-
ASCII‐Hyphen20108208 
∉WGL4 Soft hyphenad0173 
Note 4‑Nonbreaking hyphen20118209 
∉WGL4
punctuation marks
 –En dash20130150Ctrl-minus
Note 5—Em dash20140151AltGr-minus
Note 5―Horizontal bar20158213 
 …Horizontal ellipsis20260133AltGr-.
 ¿Inverted question markbf0191AltGr-?
Note 6¡Inverted exclama-tion marka10161AltGr-!
Note 6‼Double exclama-tion mark203c8252 
 ·Middle dotb70183 
 ·Greek ano teleia387903 
Upper dot•Bullet20220149 
 〈Left-pointingangle bracket23299001 
∉WGL4〉Right-pointingangle bracket23309002 
∉WGL4
Punctuation-like marks
  &Ampersand26038&
 &Less-than sign3c060&
 &Greater-than sign3e062&
 _Low line5f095_
 ‗Double low line20178215 
 ‾Overline203e8254 
≠ macron|Vertical line7c0124|
 ¦Broken bara60166 
 ¶Pilcrow signb60182Insert →
 §Section signa70167Insert →
 †Dagger20200134 
 ‡Double dagger20210135 
 @Commercial at40064@
 \Reverse solidus5c092\
 #Number sign23035#
 ‰Per mille sign20300137 
 °Degree signb00176 
 ′Prime20328242 
≠ '″Double prime20338243 
diacritic marks and similar charcters
´Acute accentb40180´ ␠
Note 7˘Breve2d8728 
 ˇCaron2c7711 
 ¸Cedillab80184Ctrl-, ␠
 ^Circumflex accent5e094^
or: ^ ␠¨Dieresisa80168¨ ␠
 ˙Dot above2d9729 
 ˝Double acute accent2dd733 
 `Grave accent60096`
or: ` ␠¯Macronaf0175 
≠overlineˆModifier lettercircumflex2c6710 
 ˉModifier letter macron2c9713 
 ˛Ogonek2db731 
 ˚Ring above2da730 
 ˜Small tilde2dc0152 
 ~Tilde7e0126~
or: ~ ␠
      ←Leftward arrow21908592 
 ↑Upward arrow21918593 
 →Rightward arrow21928594 
 ↓Downward arrow21938595 
 ↔Left right arrow21948596 
 ↕Up down arrow21958597   ↨Up down arrowwith base21a88616   ↵Down and left arrow21b58629 
∉WGL4⇐Leftward double arrow21d08656 
∉WGL4⇑Upward double arrow21d18657 
∉WGL4⇒Rightward doublearrow21d28658 
∉WGL4⇓Downward doublearrow21d38659 
∉WGL4⇔Left right double arrow21d48660 
Mathematical
   ≈Almost equal to22488776 
 ∠Angle22208736 
∉WGL4≅Approximately equal to22458773 
∉WGL4∗Asterisk operator22178727 
∉WGL4∙Bullet operator22198729 
 ⊕Circled plus22958853 
∉WGL4⊗Circled times22978855 
∉WGL4÷Division signf70247 
 ∕Division slash22158725 
 ⋅Dot operator22c58901 
∉WGL4≥Greater-than orequal to22658805 
 ≡Identical to22618801 
 ∆Increment22068710 
 ∞Infinity221e8734 
 ∫Integral222b8747 
 ⌈Left ceiling23088968 
∉WGL4⌊Left floor230a8970 
∉WGL4≤Less-than or equal to22648804 
 ∧Logical and22278743 
∉WGL4∨Logical or22288744 
∉WGL4−Minus sign22128722 
 ×Multiplication signd70215 
 ∇Nabla22078711 
∉WGL4∏N-ary product220f8719 
 ∑N-ary summation22118721 
 ≠Not equal to22608800 
 ¬Not signac0172 
 ∂Partial differential22028706 
 ±Plus-minus signb10177 
 ∝Proportional to221d8733 
∉WGL4∟Right angle221f8735 
 ⌉Right ceiling23098969 
∉WGL4⌋Right floor230b8971 
∉WGL4√Square root221a8730 
 ∴Therefore22348756 
∉WGL4∼Tilde operator223c8764 
∉WGL4⊥Up tack22a58869 
∉WGL4
Set theory
  ∋Contains as member220b8715 
∉WGL4∈Element of22088712 
∉WGL4∅Empty set22058709 
∉WGL4∀For all22008704 
∉WGL4∩Intersection22298745 
 ∉Not an element of22098713 
∉WGL4⊄Not a subset of22848836 
∉WGL4⊂Subset of22828834 
∉WGL4⊆Subset of or equal to22868838 
∉WGL4⊃Superset of22838835 
∉WGL4⊇Superset of or equal to22878839 
∉WGL4∃There exists22038707 
∉WGL4∪Union222a8746 
∉WGL4
Miscellaneous technical symbols
⌂House23028962 
 ⌐Reversed not sign23108976 
 ⌠Top half integral23208992 
 ⌡Bottom half integral23218993 
Miscellaneous symbols
 ☺White smiling face263a9786 
 ☻Black smiling face263b9787 
 ☼White sun with rays263c9788 
 ♀Female sign26409792 
 ♂Male sign26429794 
 ♠Black spade suit26609824 
 ♣Black club suit26639827 
 ♥Black heart suit26659829 
 ♦Black diamond suit26669830 
 ♪Eighth note266a9834 
 ♫Beamed eighth notes266b9835 
  ■Black square25a09632 
 □White square25a19633 
 ▪Black small square25aa9642 
 ▫White small square25ab9643 
 ▬Black rectangle25ac9644 
 ▲Black up-pointingtriangle25b29650 
 ►Black right-pointingtriangle25b29658 
 ▼Black down-point.triangle25bc9660 
 ◄Black left-pointingtriangle25c49668 
 ◊Lozenge25ca9674 
 ○White circle25cb9675 
 ●Black circle25cf9679 
 ◘Inverse bullet25d89688 
 ◙Inverse white circle25d99689 
 ◦White bullet25e69702 
       Space20032␠
space bar No-break spacea00160Ctrl-Shift-␠
  Em space20038195Insert →
∉WGL4 En space20028194Insert →
∉WGL4 Four-per-em space20058197Insert →
∉WGL4 Thin space20098201 
∉WGL4
  Zero width non-joiner200c8204 
∉WGL4 Zero width joiner200d8205 
∉WGL4 Left-to-right mark200e8206 
∉WGL4 Right-to-left mark200f8207 
∉WGL4
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