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\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\adjustright \f21\fs28\cgrid {\fs20 \tab Eastern Evidence Debate Handbook, University of Vermont, p. }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs20
}}{\fldrslt {\fs20\lang}}}{\fs20
\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright \f21\fs28\cgrid {\b\f22\fs36 CHAPTER ONE
\par }\pard \qc\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\b\f22\fs36 BACKGROUND ABOUT CHINA
\par }\pard \qc\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\b\f22\fs36 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs20 Edited by: Alfred C. Snider
\par
\par A. CND InfoBase China 1-1
\par B. Voice of America Human Rights Report (partial) 1-2
\par C. Thumbnail sketch of PRC 1-3
\par D. Regions of the PRC 1-4
\par E. Goals of PRC foreign policy 1-5
\par F. The 10 "points of view" of current PRC government 1-6
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs20 G. Different models of US foreign policy 1-7
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs20 H. Goals of current US foreign policy towards PRC 1-8
\par I. US concerns about situation in Asia 1-9
\par J. Background on China News Digest 1-10
\par ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 1-1 / China News Digest
\par InfoBase China
\par Introduction
\par
June 6, 1993
\par ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
The CND InfoBase Project collects, among other China-related information, introductory material about China's history and the Chinese society. CND does not necessarily agree with the views expressed or implied in the contents of this InfoBase package.
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 Source: The CIA Factbook Forwarded by: Deming
\par ----------
\par China Geography
\par ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 Total area: 9,596,960 km2 Land area: 9,326,410 km2 Comparative area: slightly larger than the US
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
Land boundaries: 22,143.34 Afghanistan 76 km, Bhutan 470 km, Burma 2,185 km, Hong Kong 30 km, India 3,380 km, Kazakhstan 1,533 km, North Korea 1,416 km, Kyrgyzstan 858 km, Laos 423 km, Macau 0.34 km, Mongolia 4,673 km, Nepal 1,236 km, Pakistan 523 km,
Russia (northeast) 3,605 km, Russia (northwest) 40 km, Tajikistan 414 km, Vietnam 1,281 km
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 Coastline: 14,500 km Maritime claims: Continental shelf: claim to shallow areas of East China Sea and Yellow Sea
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 Territorial sea: 12 nm
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
Disputes: boundary with I bilateral negotiations are under way to resolve disputed sections of the boundary with R boundary with Tajikistan under dispute: a short section of the boundary with North K involved in a complex dis
pute over the Spratly Islands w
ith Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly B maritime boundary dispute with Vietnam in the Gulf of T Paracel Islands occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam and T claims Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto, as does Taiwan
, (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu Tai)
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 Climate: tropical in south to subarctic in north Terrain: mostly mountains, high plateaus, plains, deltas, and hills in east
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 Natural resources: coal, iron ore, crude oil, mercury, tin, tun
gsten, antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, world's largest hydropower potential
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 Land use: arable land 10%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 31%; forest and woodland 14%; other 45%; includes irrigated 5%
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
Environment: frequent typhoons (about five times per year along southern and eastern coasts), damaging floods, tsunamis,
desertification
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 Note: world's third-largest country (after Russia and Canada)
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 China People
\par ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
Population: 1,169,619,601 (July 1992), growth rate 1.6% (1992) Birth rate: 22 births/1,000 population (1992) Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) Infant mortality rate: 32 deaths/1,000 live bi
rths (1992) Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 72 years female (1992) Total fertility rate: 2.3 children born/woman (1992)
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 Nationality: noun - Chinese (singular and p
lural); adjective - Chinese Ethnic divisions: Han Chinese 93.3%; Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 6.7%
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
Religions: officially atheist, but traditionally pr most important elements of religion are Confucianism, Taoism, and B Muslim 2-3%, Christian 1% (est.)
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 Languages: Standard Chinese (Putonghua) or Mandarin (based on the Beijing dialect); also Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwane
se), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, and minority languages (see ethnic divisions)
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 Literacy: 73% (male 84%, female 62%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
Labor force: 567,400,000; agriculture and forestry 60%, industry and commerce 25%, construction and mining 5%, social services 5%, other 5% (1990 est.) Organized labor: All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) follows the leadership of the Chinese Com
munist P membership over 80 million or about 65% of the urban work force (1985)
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 China Government
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
Long-form name: People's Republic of C abbreviated PRC Type: Communist Party - led state Capital: Beijing Administrative divisions: 23 provinces (sheng, singular and plural), 5 autonomous regions* (zizhiqu, singular and plural), and 3 municipalities*
* (shi, singular and plural); Anhui, Beijing Shi**, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi*, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol*, Ningxia*, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sh
andong, Shanghai Shi**, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tianjin Shi**, Xinjiang*, Xizang*, Yunnan, Z note - China considers Taiwan its 23rd province
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 Independence: unification under the Qin (Ch'in) Dynasty 221 BC, Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty replaced by the Republic on 12 February 1912, People's Republic established 1 October 1949
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
Constitution: most recent promulgated 4 December 1982 Legal system: a complex amalgam of custom and statute,
rudimentary civil code in effect since 1 January 1987; new l
egal codes in effect since 1 January 1980; continuing efforts are being made to improve civil, administrative, criminal, and commercial law
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 National holiday: National Day, 1 October (1949)
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
Executive branch: president, vice president, premier, five vice premiers, State Council Legislative branch: unicameral National People's Congress (Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui) Judicial branch: Supreme People's Court Leaders: Chief of State: President YAN
G Shangkun (since 8 April 1988); Vice President WANG Zhen (since 8
April 1988) Chief of State and Head of Government (de facto): DENG Xiaoping (since mid-1977) Head of Government: Premier LI Peng (Acting Premier since 24 November 1987, Premier since 9 April 1988); Vice Premier YAO Yilin (since 2 July 1979); Vice Premier
TIAN Jiyun (since 20 June 1983); Vice Premier WU Xueqian (since 12 April 1988); Vice Premier ZOU Jiahua (since 8 April 1991); Vice Premier ZHU Rongji (since 8 April 1991)
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 Political parties and leaders: - Chinese Communist Party (CCP), JIANG Zemin, general
secretary of the Central Committee (since 24 June 1989); also, eight registered small parties controlled by CCP Suffrage: universal at age 18 Elections: National People's Congress: last held March 1988 (next to be held March 1993); results - CCP is the o
nly party but there a seats - (2,976 total) CCP and independents 2,976 (indirectly elected at county or xian level) President: last held 8 April 1988 (next to be held March 1993); results - YANG Shangkun was nominally elected by the S
eventh National People's Congress
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 China Government
\par ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
Communists: 49,000,000 party members (1990 est.) Other political or pressure groups: such meaningful opposition as exists consists of loose coalitions, usually within the party and government organization, that vary by issue Member of: AfDB, APEC, AsDB, C
CC, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UN Security Council, UNTSO, UN Trusteeship Council, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador ZHU Q Chancery at 2300 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 328-2500 through 2502; there are Chinese Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
US: Ambassador J. Stapleton ROY; Embassy at Xiu Shui Bei Jie 3, Beijing (mailing address is 100600, PSC 461, Box 50, Beijing or FPO AP ); telephone [86] (1) 532-3831; FAX [86] (1) 532-3178; there are US
Consulates General in Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Shenyang
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 Flag: red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller yellow five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the middle of the flag) in the upper hoist-side corner
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par China Economy
\par ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
Overview: Beginning in late 1978 the Chinese leadership has been trying to move the economy from the sluggish Soviet-style centrally planned economy to a more productive and flexible economy with market elements, but still within
the framework of monolithic Communist control. To this end the authorities have switched to a system of household responsibility in agriculture in place of the old collectivization, increased the authority of local officials and plant managers in industr
y, permitted a wide variety of small-scale enterprise in services and light manufacturing, and opened the foreign economic sector to increased trade and joint ventures. The most gratifying result has been a strong spurt in production, particularly in agri
cu
lture in the early 1980s. Industry also has posted major gains, especially in coastal areas near Hong Kong and opposite Taiwan, where foreign investment and modern production methods have helped spur production of both domestic and export goods. Aggregate
output has more than doubled since 1978. On the darker side, the leadership has often experienced in its hybrid system the worst results of socialism (bureaucracy, lassitude, corruption) and of capitalism (windfall gains and stepped-up inflation). Beijin
g
thus has periodically backtracked, retightening central controls at intervals and thereby lessening the credibility of the reform process. In 1991 output rose substantially, particularly in the favored coastal areas. Popular resistance, changes in central
policy, and loss of authority by rural cadres have weakened China's population control program, which is essential to the nation's long-term economic viability.
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 GNP: $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate 6% (1991) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.1% (1
991) Unemployment rate: 4.0% in urban areas (1991) Budget: deficit $9.5 billion (1990) Exports: $71.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: textiles, garments, telecommunications and recording equipment, petroleum, minerals partners: Hong Kong, Japan, US, U
SSR, Singapore (1990) Imports: $63.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991) commodities: specialized industrial machinery, chemicals, manufactured goods, steel, textile yarn, fertilizer partners: Hong Kong, Japan, US, Germany, Taiwan (1990) External debt: $51 billion (19
90
est.) Industrial production: growth rate 14.0% (1991); accounts for 45% of GNP Electricity: 138,000,000 kW capacity (1990); 670,000 million kWh produced (1991), 582 kWh per capita (1991) Industries: iron, steel, coal, machine building, armaments, textile
s, petroleum, cement, chemical fertilizers, consumer durables, food processing
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 China Economy
\par ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 Agriculture: accounts for 26% of GNP; among the world's largest producers of rice, potatoes, sorghum, peanuts, tea, millet, barley,
commercial crops include cotton, other fibers, produces variety o basically self- fish catch of 8 million metric tons in 1986 Illicit drugs: transshipment point for heroin produced in the Golden Triang
le Economic aid: donor - to less developed countries (1970-89) $7.0 US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $220.7 Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $13.5 billion Currency: yuan (plural - yuan);
1 yuan (Y) = 10 jiao Exchange rates: yuan (Y) per US$1 - 5.4481 (January 1992), 5.), 4.), 3.), 3.), 3.) Fiscal year: calendar year
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 China Communications
\par ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
Railroads: total about 54,000 km
53,400 km 1.435- 600 km 1.000- of these 11,200 km are double track standard- 6,900 km electrified (1990); 10,000 km dedicated industrial lines (gauges rang
e from 0.762 to 1.067 meters)
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 High
ways: about 1,029,000 km (0 km (est.) paved roads, 648,000 km (est.) gravel/improved earth roads, 211,000 km (est.) unimproved earth roads and tracks
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 Inland waterways: 138,600 about 109,800 km navigable Pipelines: crude oil 9,700 km (1990); petroleum products 1,100 natural gas 6,200 km
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 Ports: Dalian, Guangzhou, Huangpu, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Xingang, Zhanjiang, Ningbo, Xiamen, Tanggu, Shantou
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 Merchant marine: 1,454 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 13,887,3
12 GRT/20,916,127 DWT; includes 25 passenger, 42 short-sea passenger, 18 passenger-cargo, 6 cargo/training, 801 cargo, 10 refrigerated cargo, 77 container, 19 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 multifunction/barge carrier, 177 petroleum tanker, 10 chemical tanker,
254 bulk, 3 liquefied gas, 1 vehicle carrier, 9 combination bulk, 1 note - China beneficially owns an additional 194 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling approximately 7,077,089 DWT that operate under Panamanian, British, Hong Kong, Maltese,
Liberian, Vanuatu, Cyprus, and Saint Vincent registry
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 Civil air: 284 major transport aircraft (1988 est.)
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 Airports: 330 total, 330 260 with permanent- fewer than 10 with runways over 3,500 90 with runways 2,440-3,659 200 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
Telecommunications: domestic and international services are increasingly avail unevenly distributed internal system serves principal cities, industrial centers, 11,000,000 telephones (Decembe
r 1989); broadcast stations - 274 AM, unknown FM, 202 (2,050 repeaters) TV; more than 215 mil 75 million TVs; satellite earth stations - 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 INMARSAT, and 55 domestic
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 China Defense Forces
\par ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
Branches: People's Liberation Army (PLA), PLA Navy (including Marines), PLA Air Force, People's Armed Police Manpower availability: males 15-49, 339,554,712; 188,995,620 fit
11,691,967 reach military age (18) a
nnually Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $12-15 billion, NA of GNP (1991 est.)
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
1-2 / >From: ILC@china.uc.edu (I Love China) Newsgroups: soc.culture.china Subject: Human Rights Report '94 Date: 16 Apr :42 GMT Organization: University of Cincinnati Lines: 1518 Sender: whuang@quest.ece.uc.edu (Weiqing Huang) Distribution: wor
ld Message-ID:
NNTP-Posting-Host: quest.ece.uc.edu Status: R
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
Human Rights Report of 1994, (Voice of America)
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
CHINA
\par ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
The People's Republic of China (PRC) remains a one-party state ruled by the Chinese Communist Party through a 21-member Polit- buro and a small circle of officially retired but still powerful senior leaders. Almost all top civilian, police, and military
positions at the national and regional levels are held by party members. Despite official adherence to Marxism-Leninism, in re- cent years economic decisionmaking has become less ideological, more decentralized, and increasing
ly market oriented. Fundamen- tal human rights provided for in the Constitution are frequently ignored in practice, and challenges to the Communist Party's pol- itical authority are often dealt with harshly and arbitrarily.
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
Security forces, comprised of a nationwide network which includes the People's Liberation Army, the Ministry of State Security, the Ministry of Public Security, the People's Armed Police, and the state judicial, procuratorial, and penal systems, are poorl
y mon- itored due to t
he absence of adequate legal safeguards or ade- quate enforcement of existing safeguards for those detained, ac- cused, or imprisoned. They are responsible for widespread and well-documented human rights abuses, including torture, forced confessions, and
arbitrary detentions.
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
A decade of rapid economic growth, spurred by market incentives and foreign investment, has reduced party and government control over the economy and permitted ever larger numbers of Chinese to have more control over their l
ives and livelihood. Despite sig- nificant income disparities between coastal regions and the inte- rior, there is now a growing "middle class" in the cities and rural areas as well as a sharp decline in the number of Chinese at the subsistence level. The
se economic changes have led to a de facto end to the role of ideology in the economy and an in- crease in cultural diversity. An example of this is the media, which remains tightly controlled with regard to political ques- tions, although it now is free
to report on a wider variety of other issues.
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
The Government took some positive steps on human rights issues during 1993. It released some prominent political prisoners ear- ly
many had served long terms in prison. The Government still has not provided a full or public accountin
g of the thousands of persons detained during the suppression of the 1989 democracy movement, when millions of students, workers, and intellectuals defied the Government and participated in pub- lic dem
onstrations. Most of these detainees appear to have been released, however, some after serving periods of detention without charges having been brought and some after having com- pleted their prison sentences. The Government says it has released the remai
ning imprisoned or detained Vatican loyalists among the Catholic clergy. Although it continues to restrict the movements and activities of some elderly priests and bishops, the Government announced in November that two priests, whose move- ments had been
re
stricted, were free to return to their homes. The authorities also allowed a number of prominent political dis- sidents to leave China in 1993. In November the Government an- nounced it would give positive consideration to a request from the International
Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) to visit Chi- na.
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
Nevertheless, the Government's overall human rights record in 1993 fell far short of internationally accepted norms as it con- tinued to repress domestic critics and failed to control abuses by
its own security forces. The Government detained, sentenced to prison, or sent to labor camps, and in a few cases expelled from the country, persons who sought to exercise their rights of freedom of assembly and speech. The number of persons in Chinese p
enal institutions considered political prisoners by internation- al standards is impossible to estimate accurately. In 1993 hun- dreds, perhaps thousands, of political prisoners remained under detention or in prison. Physical abuse, including torture by p
ol
ice and prison officials persisted, especially in politically restive regions with minority populations like Tibet. Criminal defendants continue to be denied legal safeguards such as due process or adequate defense. In many localities, government au- thor
ities continued to harass and occasionally detain Christians who practiced their religion outside the officially sponsored re- ligious organizations.
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 1-3 / Andrew Nathan, expert on China Politics, 1990; CHINA'S CRISIS: DILEMMAS OF REFORM AND PROSPECTS FOR DEMOCRACY, p. 64; THR VT96
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 \tab
China is a great, continental economy, essentially self-sufficient. Foreign trade occupies a relatively small portion of the GNP. The country is rich in raw materials and has a complete, well-rounded industrial establishment that can produce its own equi
pment for self-sustaining growth. The present leadership believes that the country can modernize more quickly by using foreign trade, investment, and technology. But this does not mean that such foreign connections are s
een as essential at all costs. On the contrary, China has shown in the past that economics alone cannot constrain it from breaking with foreign suppliers of capital and technology -- first with the split with the Soviet Union in 1960 and again during the
autarkic interlude of the Cultural Revolution. A highly self-reliant development policy has always been and continues to be a real possibility for China. And a strong tradition of anti-foreign feeling, sometimes verging on xenophobia, continues to make se
lf-reliance an attractive possibility to some.
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 1-4 / Gerrit W. Gong CSIS Asian Studies Program 1994 Winter The Washington Quarterly Vol. 17, No. 1; Pg. 26 HEADLINE: China's Fourth Revolution Gerrit W. Gong //MDS-VT96
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 \tab
Second, because there is (increasingly) no single "China," to speak of China's opening is to generalize about different openings of different parts of China to different parts of the outside world." Coastal China is opening to the global economy, especi
ally to Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Japan, as well as to China' Xinjiang and the Northwest are opening to panCentral A Yunnan and the Southwest are opening to Southeast Asia, including Thailand and Myanmar.
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 1-5 / Gerrit W. Gong CSIS Asian Studies Program 1994 Winter The Washington Quarterly Vol. 17, No. 1; Pg. 26 HEADLINE: China's Fourth Revolution Gerrit W. Gong //MDS-VT96
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 \tab
Given projected failure of domestic supply to meet overall oil demand, on-going modernization needs and marketization interests in
the PLA, issues of sovereign pride and privilege, and a sophisticated negotiating approach that seeks to maximize every possible asset, Beijing can be expected to take a firm posture regarding its various international interests. These include territoria
l claims (whether the Spratly Islands or various disputed borders); transfers or sales of weapons o and an expansive international diplomacy (including current ties in East Asia, expanding ties in the Middle East with countries as div
erse as Iran and Israel, as well as developing ties in Europe, Latin America, and Africa).
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
1-6 / Nan Shi-yin, Hong Kong monthly 'Kuang Chiao Ching', January 11, 1995, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, SECTION: Part 3 Asia - P CHINA; FE/2198/G, HEADLINE: Hong Kong journal outlines Beijing' ACS
VT96
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 \tab
In Bogor and Jakarta, Indonesia [when attending the APEC summit], and in other Southeast Asian countries, Jiang Zemin successively put forward 10 poi
nts of view which were of great interest to many. These 10 points of view were:
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
1. China's top hierarchy has completed its transition from the second generation.
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
2. "Economic development is the most important of all matters."
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
3. "The ship of history must move forward, and stability is the most important prerequisite."
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
4. "In the face of diversity, it is impractical to seek uniformity. Only by incorporating things of diverse nature and learning from one another can we promote common development and common progress."
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
5. The five principles for economic cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region are: Mutual respect and reaching unanimity
proceeding in an orderly and systematic way in achievin opening the doors to one another and
refraining from for extensive cooperation based on mutual interest and narrowing the gaps
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
6. The five principles for [Chinese] relations with the United States are: Focus on the global situation and th
e 21 shake off the influence of d promote the all-round development of
and strengthen international cooperation and high-level visits.
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
7. On relations with Southeast Asia, " China's commitment to developing good-neighbourly and friendly cooperation with its neighbouring countries is not a measure of contingency, but something which conforms to the needs of the time. It is an inevitable
choice made with the long-term interests of the Chinese people and the people of all countries in this region in mind."
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
8. The Taiwan question is one which "has a bearing on China's sovereignty, territorial integrity and the great cause of the reunification of China. " "Any change on this question has a direct bearing on the feelings of the 1.2 billion Chinese people."
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
9. On relations with Vietnam, stress will be laid on friendship and the overall situation of peace and stability and efforts will be made to enlarge consensus, seek common ground while reserving differences
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
10. Publicize a basic foreign policy which stresses good-neighbourliness and friendship in order to offset the undesirable influence of "the theory of the China threat" .
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 1-7 / RANDAL ASHLEY, COX NEWS SERVICE, The State Journal-Register (Springfield, IL), March 21, 1995, Pg. 4; HEADLINE: U.S. foreign policy: What direction should it take? ACS VT96
FIRST, THERE'S the Woodrow Wilson crowd, reflecting "a desire to see other countries adopt a form of democratic governance and civil society that our own experience suggests is best for both the individual and the community. "
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 \tab
Then there's the economic approach, "a sense that other traditional interests (especially those derived from strategic concerns) have receded and that we have more important economic concerns.
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 \tab
Then, realism, emphasizing "balance-of-power considerations and matters of national interest."
\par \tab
Then, humanitarianism, described as seeing "the world less in terms of nation-states per se than as peoples."
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 \tab
THEN
, MINIMALISM, "the favored view of those who see only modest U.S. interests in the world . . . and who take a narrow view of U.S. responsibility and obligation to meet other challenges."
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 DIFFERENT MEANS TO OBTAIN ENDS:
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
Unilateralism is a fancy word for America going it alone -- being "uncomfortable with the compromises necessary for the smooth functioning of alliances and opposed to any transfer of sovereign authority to international organizations."
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
NEO-INTERNATIONALISM is identified with Clinton admini
stration policy. It "reflects a sense that the potential for international cooperation is great and that the United States can and should work with and through formal alliances and international organizations in almost all instances."
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
1-8 / Dr. Chen Yu-chun, Dir. Graduate School of American Studies, Chinese Culture Univ., May/June, 1994; WORLD OUTLOOK, "A Taipei scholar's view of Clinton Administration's policy toward China," p. 20; CJJ VT96
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 \tab In 1980's, American policy toward China was laced with
the so-called idealistic realism or neo-realism. They would support the reform and opening in mainland China, rather than see a return to the line of the Mao Tse-tung era. As long as China continues to reform and open up it will be in American national i
nterest, so they determined. American interest in Asia encompasses the following: 1) The expectation that, instead of becoming a revolutionary regime, Communist China should remain stable so as to function as a stabilizing and balancing factor in the whol
e if A 2) A state of peace should reign in Asia, the United States would not want to see any war in that part of the world.
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 1-9 / Andrew Mack and Pauline Kerr, The Washington Quarterly, 1995 W Pg. 123, HEADLINE: The Evolving Security Discourse in the Asia-P ACS VT96
\par \tab Notwithstanding the currently benign security environment, there are a number of reasons for concern:
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 * unresolved territorial and sovereignty conflicts, most obviously China and Taiwan and the two Koreas, but also man
y lesser disputes of which that over the Spratly Islands is sim
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
* uncertainty about the long-term commitment of the United States to the region -- and concern that if there is a major reduction in U.S. presence, aspiring regional hegemons will seek to fill the vacuum. China and Japan are the states most frequently men
ti
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 * rapid, but uneven, rates of economic growth throughout the region that risk generating political instabilities that could spill over int
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
* lack of any "habit of dialogue" in Northeast Asia to help mediate the hostilities between North and South Korea and the mutual suspicions that still exist between Japan and South Korea, Japan and Russia, and, to a lesser degree, Japan and China.
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 1-10 / GRANT PECK, Associated Press, 4-23-95, SAN JOSE MERCURY NEWS, Internet a Weapon in asia's Battles for F ACS VT96
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 \tab
``The Chinese and others want Internet because it is such a valuable business tool,'' Strider said. ``But if the
y open up to business, they cannot keep out news.'' The news is ready and waiting. During the Tiananmen Square democracy movement in 1989, overseas Chinese students and scholars established what is now possibly the world's largest electronic mailing list,
China News Digest. Fifty volunteers turn out 14 on-line publications under its aegis, which last year were sent out to more than 34,000 e-mail addresses in 43 countries. They provide news of China, as well as academic, social and practical information fo
r overseas Chinese.'
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qc\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 \column }{\b\f22\fs36 CHAPTER TWO
\par }\pard \qc\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\b\f22\fs36 TOPICALITY
\par }\pard \qc\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\b\f22\fs36 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs20 Editor: Andrea Looby
\par ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs20
This is one of the broadest topics in recent memory. As such, we would encourage you to focus on substantive arguments. However, we do offer two considerations for topicality. First, the nature of foreign policy as the topic focus does rule some things ou
t, but not very much. Second, the nature of the term "policy" indicates general principles or directions as opposed to specific government programs, which most affirmative plans are.
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs20 ----------
\par }\pard \ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs20 A. Definitions of Foreign Policy.
\par }\pard \ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs20 1.\tab Interaction of one nation with another. (1-2)
\par }\pard \ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs20 2.\tab One nation interacting with another for its own interests. (3-4)
\par }\pard \ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs20 3.\tab The government is the actor of foreign policy. (5-7)
\par B. Definitions of Policy.
\par 1.\tab Definitive actions made by a government. (8-10)
\par 2.\tab Plan of action. (11-15)
\par 3.\tab It can be action or inaction. (16)
\par }\pard \ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs20 4.\tab Thoughts, beliefs and reason are used to make a policy. (17-18)
\par }\pard \ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs20 C. A program and a policy are different.
\par }\pard \ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs20 1.\tab Foreign policy is a general plan for dealing with other nations. (19)
\par }\pard \ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs20 2.\tab Policy does not have to imply any specific actions. (20-21)
\par }\pard \ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs20 3.\tab A program has a very specific course of action. (22)}{\f22\fs14
\par }\pard \ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 2-1/RANDOM HOUSE DICTIONARY PROJECT. 1991, p.524; AGL VT96 foreign policy: n. The diplomatic policy of a nation in its interactions with other nations.
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 2-2/AMERICAN HERITAGE DICTIONARY, 1982, p. 497; AGL VT96 foreign policy: n. The diplomatic policy of a nation in its interactions with other nations.
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par 2-3/THE RANDOM HOUSE DICTIONARY, 1983, p. 521; AGL VT96
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 foreign policy: n. a policy pursued by a nation in its dealings with other nations, designed to achieve national objectives.
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 2-4/THE HARPER COLLINS DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS, 1992, p. 238-9; AGL VT96
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
foreign policy The totality of a states relations with and policies toward other states. A nation's foreign policy, even though it may be largely the prerogative of an executive branch, is always grounded in its domestic policy.
There seems to be bipartisan support for this notion. For example, two-time Democratic presidential nominee (1952 and 1956) Adlai Stevenson wrote in What I Think (1956): "We cannot be any stronger in our foreign policv--for all the bombs and guns we may
heap up in our arsenalsthan we are in the spirit which rules inside the country. Foreign policy, like a river, cannot rise above its source.' Secretary of State (under Republican Presidents Nixon and Ford) Henry Kissinger has said essentialIv the same thi
ng
: 'No foreign policy--no matter how ingenious--has any chance of success if it is born in the minds of a few and carried in the hearts of none" (Washington Post, August 4, 1973). The other major tenet of foreign policy on which there is general agreement
is political theorist Hans J. Morgenthau's assertion from Politics Among Nations (Sth ed., 1978) that: "The objectives of foreign policy must be defined in terms of national interest.' Jeane J. Kirkpatrick, as United States
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
Ambassador to the United Nations
, elaborated: "the central goal of our foreign policy should be not the moral elevation of other nations, but the preservation of a civilized conception of our own national selfinterest" (U.S News and World Report, March 2, 1981).
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 2-5/Andrew J. Nathan, Well-written author on Chinese Politics, 1990; CHINA'S CRISIS: DILEMMAS OF REFORM AND PROSPECTS FOR DEMOCRACY, p. 84; THR VT96
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
Second, there is fhe confusion introduced into U.S. foreign policy by the separation of powers. Under the American syst
em, Congress has the constitutional right to oversee foreign policy. But in the past, under the doctrine of bipartisanship, both parties in Congress generally supported the administration in its conduct of foreign policy. The Vietnam War, however, caused
a breakdown in Congressional trust in the Administration's conduct of foreign policy. In recent years Congress has involved itself more and more frequently in the details of foreign policy, a trend some scholars refer to as micro-management. In the human
rights field, Congress has enacted legal restrictions on the Administration's ability to give aid or to sell military equipment to regimes that do not meet certain rights standards.
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 2-6/WEBSTER'S NINTH NEW DICTIONARY, 1987, p. 483; AGL VT96
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 foreign policy: n. the policy of a sovereign state in its interaction with other sovereign states.
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par 2-7/THE WORLD BOOK DICTIONARY, 1994, p.836; AGL VT96
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 foreign policy: the policy followed by a nation or its government in conducting its relations with one or more foreign nations.
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 2-8 / WILLIAMSON V. CITY OF HIGH POINT, WORDS AND PHRASES, VOL. 32 A, 1956, p. 486 "Policy" is settled or definite course or method adopted or followed by government..
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par 2-9 /BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY, 4TH ED, 1988, p. 1317
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
POLICY. The general principles by which a government is guided in its management of public affairs, or the legislature in its measures. The term, as applied to a law, ordinance, or rule of law, denotes its general purpose or tendency conside
red as directed to the welfare or prosperity of the state or community.
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 2-10/CORPUS JURIS SECUNDUM, 1985, CUMULATIVE ANNUAL POCKET PART, VOL. 72, p. 21
\par
"Public policy" of the state is that declared by the legislature or by the courts and not that adopted by any private group.
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 2-11 /WORLD BOOK DICTIONARY, VOL. 2, 1983, p. 1613 POLICY. (1) A way of management.
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par 2-12 /THE AMERICAN COLLEGE DICTIONARY, 1960, p. 938
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
POLICY. (1) A definite course of action adopted as expedient or from other considerations.
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 2-13 /LOCKHEED AIRCRAFT CORPORATION V. SUPERIOR COURT, IN WORDS & PHRASES, VOL. 32A, 1956, p. 484
\par
A "policy" is a settled or definite course or method adopted and followed by a government, institution, body or individual.
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par 2-14 /WEBSTER'S NEW COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY, 1981, p. 882
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
A definite course or method of action selected from among alternatives and in light of given conditions to guide and determine present and future decisions.
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 ----------
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14 2-15 /Andrew J. Nathan, Well-written author on Chinese Politics, 1990; CHINA'S CRISIS: DILEMMAS OF REFORM AND PROSPECTS FOR DEMOCRACY, p. 84; THR VT96
\par }\pard \qj\ri-360\widctlpar\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\adjustright {\f22\fs14
American foreign policy, however, is perhaps more complex and multi-stranded than that of any other major power. There is often a gap between declared policy and specific policy actions. This gap has several sources. One is the independence of various se
ctors of the bureaucracy in carrying out their missions. A good example of this is the annual report on h
uman rights compiled every year for Congress by the State Department Bureau of Human Rights. Despite the Administration's stress on friendship with China, the report on China has been tough and fair every year since it was first i