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碎片时间小游戏
碎片时间小游戏
排队的时候，等人的时候，睡前的时候，蹲坑的时候玩点什么好呢？小编准备了一些适合消磨碎片时间的小游戏给大家，在排队等人蹲坑时都不再无聊！
节拍神偷 Beat Sneak Bandit
RHYTHM. STEALTH. PUZZLE.在世界上所有的钟表都被 Duke Clockface 偷走,世界陷入一篇混乱之际,Beat Sneak Bandit 有责任把钟表偷回来!- Rhythmadelic控制操作:游戏中的一切动作都由节奏的动作控制,就像简单的控制操作:跟着节奏轻击即可悄悄前行!- Stealthalicious 游戏玩法:悄悄绕过巡逻的警卫、安灯、活板门以及讨厌的 Duke 为您准备的所有其他怪异的东西和精巧装置!- Puzzletastic 游戏关卡:观察、留意和学习节奏模式,找出如何解决所有潜行难题的方法!9/10 - Edge9/10 - IGN5/5 - TouchArcade9/10 - Pocketgamer5/5 - Appspy9/10 - 5/5 - Hookshot Inc.4/4 - Slide to Play5/5 - TouchGen
Monsters Ate My Condo
** 5 Best Mobile Games of the Year -- Gamasutra **** iPhone Game of the Week
- 9/16/11 **"...I am blown away by the gameplay, presentation and humor of it all." -Touch Gen"...one of the quirkiest and most addictive puzzlers we've played." -iTunes App Store Adult Swim Games and PikPok present all-new monster puzzle action!!
Terrible catastrophe! Four ferocious monsters of destruction are on a rampage and only residential high-rises will satisfy their boundless hunger. In this larger-than-life puzzle game, you will use intuitive swipe controls to match the colored floors. Feed the creatures and prevent the destruction of all humankind! “A satisfying slice of lunacy.” -Slide to Play"...it has a giant cartoon unicorn in it, so it wins by default."-Kotakuo Feed four ravenous beasts: Boat Head, Reginald Starfire, Mr. Shigoto and Lord Ferociouso Features both Endless and Time Attack modeso Open Feint and GameCenter support for leaderboards and achievementso Universal app works on your iPhone, iPod touch and iPad!o Retina-enhanced graphics for the new iPado Fully-animated monsters to delight players, destroy civilization From Adult Swim Games, purveyors of the equally-terrifying “Robot Unicorn Attack” and “Amateur Surgeon” games, and PikPok, developers of highly addictive games like “BirdStrike" and the “Flick Kick” series.** 1.2 UPDATE (01/17/12) **o 11 New achievements (now 50 total)o Fixed the Time Attack leaderboardo Added screen rotation support.o Added News button to title screen.o Various other bug fixes** 1.4 UPDATE (04/02/12) **o Increased resolution support for new iPad retina display.HAVING PROBLEMS? Help us fix your crashing issue - email
and tell us what device/OS version you're on.Privacy Policy: /privacy/index.html
Snuggle Truck HD
Now with over 30,000 free community levels included! Create your own and race, now optimized for The New iPad!The premiere snuggling game :)Featured by PC World, TouchArcade, Kotaku, Joystiq, Penny Arcade, George Lopez Tonight and countless others! Reviews:***** PocketGamer - Game of the Week"It's bonkers, hilarious, and utterly addictive... A perfect addition to your home screen."***** SlideToPlay - Must Have 4/4 "Whether you call it Snuggle Truck or Smuggle Truck, this game is an absolute blast."***** KotakuGaming App of the Day***** Penny ArcadePAX East Boston Indie ShowcaseSnuggle Truck is an over-the-top physics-based driving game where you must save your cargo full of animals by delivering them to the zoo quickly. Tilt your truck, catch flying animals, avoid TNT, rocket off of cliffs, and blast through hills, caverns, deserts, and forests while trying to keep those animals in the truck!Features:
- New recording feature for saving the funniest and most amazing replays. Upload straight to Youtube! (iPhone 4 / iPad 2 and up!) - Bumpy physics gameplay makes for hilarious results -- keep those animals in the truck while bouncing over obstacles and down cliffs. - Optimized for retina with crisp hi-res graphics! - Access to tons new content thanks to community-created levels. - Beautifully hand-painted backgrounds and high resolution graphics crafted by the genius artist of 'Curse of Monkey Island' fame. - Built-in Level Editor - showcase your creative side! Make crazy-fun levels and share them with others. - Rocket boosters, flying animals, backflips, loops, roadkill, moose, TNT, and more! - Game Center leaderboards and achievements - race for the fastest time! - Dynamic medal system rewards multiple gameplay styles. Try to save every passenger or go for the Speed Run and ditch the passengers!Read about the story behind the game
Reckless Getaway
Who’d a thought robbing the bank would be the easy part? Now comes the real challenge - to escape with your hard-earned loot having the fuzz hot at your heels!Weave in and out dodge, outrun or ram pursuing police carsand just generally crash, smash and thrash your way through 16 varied levels.Let’s face it: beating someone across the finishing line is a lot of fun,but not nearly as much fun as tackling them into oncoming traffic to watchchaos ensue. The Developers behind Reckless Racing now brings you Reckless Getaway!FEATURES:- 16 eye-popping, visually amazing Tracks- Simple and effective controls- Unlock new tracks by being Reckless and earning stars- Game center enabled, show you're better than the rest and complete all achievements!- Astonishing physics brings chaos to another level-----"Part of the Quality Index's Top 10 games list""July's game of the month!" - Appstore Arcade"One of the hottest five games for July 2011!" - AppAdvice DailyFOLLOW ///polarbit1
灌篮王- Slam Dunk King
Are you a good enough baller to become the Slam Dunk King?!
Show your skills with trick dunks and smooth moves, harness unique mascot powerups, earn those coins and improve your rank!
Master and chain together over a dozen tricks to prove you are the best and become the King.Slam Dunk King has 3 exciting game modes to test yo Time Attack, Arcade, and Sudden Death.
Slam Dunk King features:
* Arcade slam dunk gameplay action with tricks, combos, and powerups
* Time Attack, Arcade, and Sudden Death game modes
* Earn or buy coins to unlock new balls, courts, and mascots in the Store
* Open Feint and Game Center Leaderboards and Achievements
* Game Feed integrationBring it to the hoop with Slam Dunk King!Brought to you by PikPok, makers of the highly rated Flick Kick Football, Flick Kick Field Goal, and Bird Strike.Music by Imon Starr from Olmecha Supreme ()________________________________OTHER PIKPOK GAMESBird Strike Gold Edition Bird Strike Featherlite Edition Dreamworks Dragons: TapDragonDropExtinction SquadFlick Kick Aston Villa Flick Kick Aussie Rules Flick Kick Chelsea Flick Kick Field Goal Kickoff Flick Kick Field Goal Flick Kick Football Kickoff Flick Kick Football Flick Kick IrelandFlick Kick Rugby Kickoff Flick Kick Rugby Flick Kick Tottenham HotspurMonsters Ate My Condo Monster Flip LiteMonster FlipZen Puzzle Garden (iPad only)________________________________NEWS & EVENTSWebsite Facebook /pikpokgamesTwitter /pikpokgamesYoutube /pikpokgamesStore Music
League of Evil 2
Get ready for the GREATEST platformer with the most responsive controls to hit the App Store yet! The sequel to the award-winning and critically-acclaimed League of Evil. The world needs your help! Evil scientists worldwide have joined forces forming a "League of Evil"; the only super agent who can stop them is YOU!FEATURES- Over 100 levels across 5 environments- Boss Battles- Sick acrobatics: Jump, flip, wall jump, wall hug, double jump- Decapitations and gibs- Ridiculously smooth animations.- User selectable costumes.- iCloud Game Saving- Hand illustrated graphics and comic book style cutscenesREVIEWS"League of Evil 2 is another platforming hit from Ravenous Games." -
(8/10)"League of Evil proved (once again) that platfomers don't have to feel clunk and imprecise" - AppSpy (4/5)"The sequel boasts some of the best controls of any iOS game to date." - "Smooth and instantly playable, League of Evil 2 takes the template set by the original, then builds a bigger, brighter experience on top of it." - Pocketgamer (8/10)"League of Evil proved that even somewhat more complicated gameplay can still be a contender when on a bite-sized screen." - Kotaku (Gaming App of the Day)
涂鸦跳跃HD Doodle Jump HD
BE WARNED: Insanely addictive!&"possibly the best iPhone game ever created" - Touch Arcade&From prime-time sitcoms (BIG BANG THEORY) to late night TV (JIMMY FALLON) to a fashion accessory for pop stars (LADY GAGA), Doodle Jump is EVERYWHERE! It''''s a cultural craze, a hot new trend!&The iPad version brings you all that you love in the original iPhone game with brilliantly rendered full screen iPad graphics, lush environments, and AWESOME iPad-only features including a special multiplayer racetrack theme!*********************************************In Doodle Jump, you guide Doodle the Doodler—using some of the most subtle and accurate tilt controls in existence—on a springy journey up, up, up a sheet of graph paper, picking up jet packs, avoiding black holes, and blasting baddies with nose balls along the way. Laugh with delight as Doodle(TM) blows past other players'''' actual score markers scribbled in the margins. And be warned: this game is insanely addictive. FEATURES: - 11 incredible worlds + SECRET easter eggs - broken, moving, disappearing, moveable, shifting, and EXPLODING platforms - JET PACKs, PROPELLER HATS, ROCKETS, and springs that fly you higher - UFOs, black holes, monsters, bear traps! - jump on monsters to bring them down MARIO-style - Submit score to Facebook & Twitter - Compete agains friends! - Global leaderboards, achievements! How to play: Tilt to move left or right, tap the screen to shoot. ______________________________________________________________________* BE WARNED: This game is INSANELY addictive!* Don''''t doodle jump and drive!
Draw Something 随心画
“Draw Something 是应用市场中最好玩的社交画图游戏！和亲朋好友玩你画我猜，无论是抽象的涂鸦还是完美的艺术作品，什么都能画！不用花钱，就能体验前所未有的乐趣。”玩家评论：“这款游戏从第一天开始就是赢家”——The Guardian“我的艺术能力确实有了长进”——“这个游戏太赞了。我认识的所有人都在玩。”——Touch Arcade“我把 Draw Something 当作速写簿。这是一款天才游戏，最适合我这样的天才。我从 2012 年开始开始玩。到现在还是很喜欢。”——Margot Gran亮点 –o
和亲朋好友玩游戏和朋友来一场快速比赛，或者和新朋友合作！o
回合制游戏，让人欲罢不能轮流画画和猜谜，休闲又有趣。o
炸弹猜不出单词？炸弹来帮忙！使用这项实用工具消除不正确的字母。o
颜色包彩虹的所有彩色，让您体验最好玩的速写和上色游戏！o
全新的内容大量新类别！从科学到流行文化，我们全都有。o
猜一猜每日挑战是证明您惊人的单词天赋的机会！猜出其他用户的画作，赢取让人兴奋的奖励！o
排行榜完成挑战，在排行榜上占据让人垂涎的位置！关注我们的社交账号，了解更新、功能、竞赛等活动。- Facebook：/playdrawsomething- Twitter：@WeDrawSomething个人数据的收集和使用受到 Zynga 隐私政策的管辖 (/privacy/policy)。
飞天鲸鱼 Whale Trail
在神奇的无休止奔跑者(飞行者)游戏‘Whale Trail’中,让鲸鱼Willow尽可能长时间地在空中飞行。帮助Willow收集飘浮的泡沫,以便“喂养”他的彩虹色彩的尾烟,避开愤怒的Thunder Bros,躲开邪恶的Baron Von Barry。使用简单的单指触摸控制,操控Willow飞越色彩缤纷的Rainbow-Land神奇王国。每一个王国都居住着一个好友,会给Willow喂食泡沫,帮助他继续飞行。翻跟斗,收集泡沫,击碎敌人,发现新的彩虹王国,并在一路上遇见各种“酷”人物。游戏方法o 按下并按住屏幕上任何地方,使Willow向上拉起。o 将你的手指从屏幕上松开,使Willow向下俯冲。o 按下并按住,使Willow做出一个翻跟斗动作,这在收集难以达到的泡沫时特别有用。特色o 简单直观的单指飞行控制o 令人赞叹的Whale Trail 歌曲,演唱者:‘Super Furry Animals’乐队的Gruff Rhys o 美丽、色彩缤纷的无休止奔跑者o 7个王国尽头的好友o 7个令人惊叹的彩虹王国等待探索o 疯狂模式 – 随心所欲地杀死Thunder Broso 游戏高手可获得倍数积分o 多个积分榜o 令人难以置信的力量增强器o 48个不可解锁的成就o 视网膜图形o Gamecenter集成o 不久将推出各种奖励关卡(游戏内文字,仅用英文显示)
神庙逃亡 Temple Run
“在每部探险片中,总有这样一幕:英雄最终获得宝藏,但不得不在陷阱丛生的迷宫中穿行,以期活着离开。Temple Run就是这样的场景。这款游戏非常有意思。”—。获奖畅销游戏作品Harbor Master(R)的设计者此次又推出了这款App Store上最激动人心的跑酷游戏。翻过古庙围墙,爬上悬崖峭壁,测测你的反应力。挥击转弯、跳跃、滑动躲过障碍物,收集硬币,购买能量,看看你能跑多远!评语* “App Store上最好的无尽头跑酷游戏…你会喜欢它的每一个过程。” - * 被TouchArcade论坛评为“周度游戏”* TouchArcade月度最佳游戏之一* “目前(也可能是所有游戏中)最让人心跳加速的趣味跑酷游戏” - * “急速疯狂的iPhone游戏体验。”- * “让人上瘾… 绝对与众不同的跑酷游戏。”- 游戏介绍*简单的挥击和倾斜控制,易用,感觉舒服 * 角色升级,疯狂增加能量* 独创3D跑酷机器人,身兼转弯、跳跃、滑动、倾斜多种武艺——前无古人,后无来者。* 以5种不同的角色进入游戏!* 游戏中心公布排行榜和成绩,和朋友比一比* 趣味无穷,让你情不自禁地想再来一次!
飞行背囊 疯狂喷气机 - Jetpack Joyride
用子弹驱动的喷气背包！大型机械龙！不拉便便只拉钱的鸟！化身为传奇的动作英雄 Barry Steakfries，穿上超级炫酷、制作精良的精选喷气背包，考验一下你的技能。这是超过 5 亿玩家的选择，不会有错的。免费下载，今天就开始你的冒险旅程吧！特色内容：* 穿上游戏史上最炫酷的喷气背包飞行* 躲避激光、电网和导向飞弹* 乘坐奇特的载具和大型机甲勇闯实验室* 赢取成就并与好友较量* 用搞笑的装扮来自定义你的形象* 配备高科技小配件并升级载具* 完成冒险任务来提升你的等级* 用一触式操控来测试你是否能迅速做出反应***本游戏含有可选的应用内购买。你可以在你设备中的设置菜单中禁用该功能。若要查看我们的隐私政策，请访问 /pp若要查看我们的服务条款，请访问 /tos
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本功能所涉及内容均由CP提供，提供内容的CP已承诺承担由于内容的合法性及健康性所引起的争议和法律责任。《译言网》【国家地理】非洲艾伯丁裂谷
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【国家地理】非洲艾伯丁裂谷
【国家地理】杂志总会在让我们欣赏精美绝伦的自然美景的同时，向我们展示内涵丰厚的人文地理，那么您看完这篇介绍东非艾伯丁裂谷的文章会有什么感想呢？——艾伯丁裂谷雨量丰沛、湖谷幽深、火山土肥沃并有丰富的生物多样性。它也是……
A tree-climbing lion stirs in
Uganda's Queen Elizabeth National
在乌干达伊丽莎白女王国家公园里，一头狮子爬上树干
伊甸园裂谷
作者： Robert Draper 摄影：Joel Sartore, Pascal
Maitre, Carsten Peter
译者：Flyingheart
As the global population
soars toward nine billion by 2045, this corner of Africa shows
what’s at stake in the decades ahead. The Rift is rich in rainfall,
deep lakes, volcanic soil, and biodiversity. It is also one of the
most densely populated places on Earth. A desperate competition for
land and resources—and between people and wildlife—has erupted here
with unspeakable violence. How can the conflict be stopped? Will
there be any room left for the wild?
　　全球人口到2045年将达到90亿，而非洲的这个角落现在的形势就已经危如累卵了。艾伯丁裂谷雨量丰沛、湖谷幽深、火山土肥沃并有丰富的生物多样性。它也是地球上人口最密集的区域之一。不顾一切地攫取土地与资源，以及人类与野生动物之间的恶性竞争都使得这里充斥着无以名状的暴力与血腥。冲突如何停止？我们还有没有可能为自然界留下一片净土呢？3
The mwami remembers when he
was a king of sorts. His judgment was sovereign, his power
unassailable. Since 1954 he, like his father and grandfather before
him, has been the head of the Bashali chiefdom in the Masisi
District, an undulating pastoral region in eastern Democratic
Republic of the Congo (DRC). Though his name is Sylvestre Bashali
Mokoto, the other chiefs address him as simply doyen—seniormost.
For much of his adult life, the mwami received newcomers to his
district. They brought him livestock or other gifts. He in turn
parceled out land as he saw fit.
这位姆瓦米还记得他当部落首领时的情景。他的判决是至高无上的、他的权力是不容置疑的。就像他的祖父和他的父亲一样，从1954年以来，他就是民主刚果马西西地区巴士哈利部落的酋长。马西西地区是民主刚果东部一片地形起伏、富有田园色彩的区域。他的名字很复杂，Sylvestre
Mokoto，其他部落首领都简单地称他为doyen，也就是前辈的意思。在姆瓦米长大成人后的几十年里，他在其领地接纳了无数的新来者。新来者带给他牲畜和礼物，做为回报，他会把一块块他认为合适的土地送给他们。
Today the chief sits on a
dirty couch in a squalid hovel in Goma, a Congolese city several
hours south of Masisi. His domain is now the epicenter of a
humanitarian crisis that has lasted for more than a decade yet has
largely eluded the world's attention. Eastern Congo has been
overtaken by thousands of Tutsi and Hutu and Hunde fighting over
what they claim is their lawful property, by militias aiming to
acquire land by force, by cattlemen searching for less cluttered
pastures, by hordes of refugees from all over this fertile and
dangerously overpopulated region of East Africa seeking somewhere,
anywhere, to eke out a living. Some years ago a member of a rebel
army seized the mwami's 200-acre estate, forcing him, humiliated
and fearing for his safety, to retreat to this shack in
　　今天这位首领正坐在戈马市一所污秽不堪的小房子里的一个肮脏的沙发上。戈马是刚果的一座城市，在马西西的南面，有几个小时车程的距离。他的领地目前正处于持续了十多年的一场人道主义危机的中心地带。世界的注意力在很大程度上已经远离了这块纷争之地。刚果东部地区已经被数千图西族、胡图族和洪德族所占据。这些部族之间因声称拥有某些财产的所有权而发生乱战。他们为了维持生计，通过民兵组织用武力夺取土地；通过自己部族的牧民寻找还算完整的牧场；通过大批的难民潮在非洲东部这片肥沃的但又人口极度稠密的地区四处游荡寻找落脚点。几年前，一股叛军占据了姆瓦米200英亩的种植园，胁迫他、羞辱他、恐吓他，并最终迫使他退缩到了戈马的这所破房子里。
The city is a hornet's
nest. As recently as two decades ago Goma's population was perhaps
50,000. Now it is at least 20 times that number. Armed males in
uniform stalk its raggedy, unlit streets with no one to answer to.
Streaming out of the outlying forests and into the city market is a
24/7 procession of people ferrying immense sacks of charcoal on
bicycles or wooden, scooter-like chukudus. North of the city limits
seethes Nyiragongo volcano, which last erupted in 2002, when its
lava roared through town and wiped out Goma's commercial district.
At the city's southern edge lies the silver cauldron of Lake
Kivu—so choked with carbon dioxide and methane that some scientists
predict a gas eruption in the lake could one day kill everyone in
and around Goma.
　　戈马这座城市看起来就如马蜂窝一般。20年之前，戈马的人口大约是5万人；现在至少是当时人口的20倍。身着军装的武装人员在破败的、暗淡无光的街道上游荡，四周一片死寂。整日川流不息的人群从偏远的森林来到城市的市场，使用自行车或者用木制的类似小型摩托车的chukudus运输大包的木炭。沸腾的尼拉贡戈火山阻隔了城市的北部。这座火山上次喷发是在2002年，当时火山熔岩咆哮着穿过城市并摧毁了戈马的商业区。状若玉盘般的基武湖坐落于城市南部的边缘区域。湖区充斥着二氧化碳和甲烷气体，有些科学家预测，如果有朝一日这里发生一次气体喷发的话，戈马及其周边地区的居民都将会窒息而死。
The mwami, like so many
far less privileged people, has run out of options. His stare is
one of regal aloofness. Yet despite his cuff links and trimmed gray
beard, he is not a chief here in Goma. He is only Sylvestre Mokoto,
a man swept into the hornet's nest, with no land left for him to
parcel out. As his guest, a journalist from the West, I have
brought no gifts, only demeaning questions. "Yes, of course my
power has been affected greatly," the mwami snaps at me. "When
others back up their claims with guns, there is nothing I can
　　就像那些远没有特权的普通人一样，姆瓦米也到了走投无路的地步。他看人的眼神还是那种高高在上的神态。然而，尽管他衣服的袖口和修剪整齐的灰白胡须依稀可见往日的威严，但在这里，在戈马，他不再是什么首领，他只是Sylvestre
Mokoto，只是一个被裹挟进一个如马蜂窝般城市的人，他不再有土地馈赠他人。作为他的客人，我这名来自西方的记者没有带给他什么礼物，只有让他失身份的问题。“是的，我的权力当然受到了很大的影响，”
这位姆瓦米语气急促地对我说。“当其它人端着枪主张权利的时候，我还能怎样呢？”
The reign of the mwamis
is finished in this corner of East Africa. The region has become a
staging ground for violence of mind-reeling proportions over the
past few decades: the murder and abduction of tens of thousands in
northern Uganda, the massacre of more than a million in the
genocides of Rwanda and Burundi, followed by two wars in eastern
Congo, the last of which, known as the Great African war because so
many neighboring countries were involved, is estimated to have
killed more than five million people, largely through disease and
starvation—the deadliest war since World War II. Armed conflicts
that started in one country have seeped across borders and turned
into proxy wars, with the region's governments each backing various
rebel groups, a numbing jumble of acronymed militias—the LRA, FDLR,
CNDP, RCD, AFDL, MLC, the list goes on—vying for power and
resources in one of the richest landscapes in all of
　　姆瓦米的统治止于东部非洲的这个角落。在过去的几十年里，他的领地已经变成了让人震惊的暴力策源地：在乌干达北部，有数万人遭到杀戮和绑架；在卢旺达和布隆迪发生的种族灭绝事件中有超过一百万的人遭到屠杀；然后便是发生在刚果东部的两场战争。其中最近的一场战争就是人所共知的“非洲大混战”，众多的邻国都被卷入其中，据估计被杀害的人超过五百万，大部分都是死于疾病和饥馑——这是二战结束以来最具杀伤力的战争。始于一个国家的武装冲突蔓延过边界并演变为“代理战争”——该地区的各个政府支持各色反叛组织——LRA,
FDLR, CNDP, RCD, AFDL,
MLC。这个杂乱不堪的民兵组织的名单还会接续下去，它们在全非洲这个最具特色景观之一的地区追逐着权力与资源。
The horrific violence
that has occurred in this place—and continues in lawless eastern
Congo despite a 2009 peace accord—is impossible to understand in
simple terms. But there is no doubt that geography has played a
role. Erase the borders of Uganda, the DRC, Rwanda, Burundi, and
Tanzania and you see what unites these disparate political
entities: a landscape shaped by the violent forces of shifting
plate tectonics. The East African Rift System bisects the horn of
Africa—the Nubian plate to the west moving away from the Somalian
plate to the east—before forking down either side of
　　尽管在2009年的时候有一个短暂的和平稳定期，但是发生在此地乃至刚果东部地区仍在进行的无法无天的、令人咂舌的暴力行为是不太可能以常规的思路来理解的。毫无疑问，该地区的地质状况也扮演了一个角色。如果抹去乌干达、民主刚果、卢旺达、布隆迪和坦桑尼亚等国的边界，你就会发现是什么将这些本不搭界的政治实体连结在一起的：由漂移的板块构造的剧烈运动塑造的地质结构。东非大裂谷构造先是将非洲之角一分为二（西侧的努比亚板块与东侧的索马里板块反向漂离），然后又沿着乌干达的边界发生分叉。
The western rift includes
the Virunga and Rwenzori mountain ranges and several of Africa's
Great Lakes, where the deep rift has filled with water. Called the
Albertine Rift (after Lake Albert), this 920-mile-long geologic
crease of highland forests, snowcapped mountains, savannas, chain
of lakes, and wetlands is the most fecund and biodiverse region on
the African continent, the home of gorillas, okapis, lions, hippos,
and elephants, dozens of rare bird and fish species, not to mention
a bounty of minerals ranging from gold and tin to the key microchip
component known as coltan. In the 19th century European explorers
like David Livingstone and John Hanning Speke came here searching
for the source of the Nile. They gazed in awe at the profusion of
lush vegetation and vast bodies of water, according to the scholar
Jean-Pierre Chr&tien: "In the heart of black Africa, the Great
Lakes literally dazzled the
　　裂谷的西侧有维龙加山脉和鲁文佐里山脉以及几个因深深的裂谷充满水而形成的大湖泊。所谓的艾伯丁裂谷（因艾伯特湖而得名），也就是由高原森林、白雪覆盖的山脉、大草原、彩练相串的湖泊还有湿地组成的920英里长的地质裂缝。艾伯丁裂谷是非洲大陆上生命力最旺盛、生物多样性最丰富的区域，这里是大猩猩、欧加皮鹿、狮子、河马和大象以及数十种珍稀鸟类和鱼类物种的家园，更不要说那条物产丰富的矿带了，这里有金矿、锡矿和人所共知作为微晶片关键成分的钶钽铁矿。19世纪，欧洲探险家大卫&利文斯敦和约翰&汉宁等人来到这里寻找尼罗河的源头。他们怀着敬畏的心情凝视这一片茂盛的绿海以及庞大的水体，按照学者让&皮埃尔&克雷蒂安的话说就是，“在黑非洲的心脏地带，这里的大湖让我们这些白人感到炫目。”
The paradox of the
Albertine Rift is that its very richness has led to scarcity.
People crowded into this area because of its fertile volcanic soil,
its plentiful rainfall, its biodiversity, and its high altitude,
which made it inhospitable to mosquitoes and tsetse flies and the
diseases they carry. As the population soared, more and more forest
was cut down to increase farm and grazing land. Even in the 19th
century the paradise that visitors beheld was already racked with a
central preoccupation: Is there enough for
　　在艾伯丁裂谷，有一个悖论的说法是它的富饶导致了它的缺乏。人们涌入这个地区，这里有肥沃的火山土、丰沛的降水和生物多样性，还有它处于高海拔地区，不适合蚊子和采采蝇生存，它们携带的疾病也不容易传播。随着人口激增，越来越多的森林被砍倒后变成农田和牧场。即便在19世纪的时候，这片被到访者奉为天堂之地的区域就已经受到一个重大问题的折磨：这里到底可以接纳多少人居住呢?
Today that question
hangs over every square inch of the Albertine Rift, where the
fertility rate is among the highest in the world, and where
violence has erupted between humans and against animals—in a horror
show of land grabs, spastic waves of refugees, mass rapes, and
plundered national parks, the last places on Earth where wildlife
struggles to survive undisturbed by humans. For the impoverished
residents of the region, overcrowding has spawned an anxiety so
primal and omnipresent that one hears the same plea over and over
　　时至今日，这个问题仍然萦绕在艾伯丁裂谷每一寸土地之上。这里土地的肥沃程度依然冠绝全球；这里人类之间以及人类与野兽的暴力冲突依旧在爆发——一幕幕恐怖的场景展现在您的面前：疯狂地掠夺土地；间歇发作的难民潮；集体强奸还有被劫掠的国家公园。国家公园是地球上是野生动物不被人类打扰、奋力生存的最后庇护所。对于这里贫困潦倒的居民而言，过度密集的人口已经让他们焦虑万分，每个人心中都在一遍又一遍的呼唤：
　　我们需要土地！
The suspected lion
killer sits near the shore of Lake George and plays a vigorous
board game known as omweso with one of his fellow cattlemen. He
looks up, introduces himself as Eirfazi Wanama, and says he cannot
tell me his age or the number of his children. "We Africans don't
count our offspring," he declares, "because you muzungu don't want
us to produce so many children." Muzungu is slang for whites in
this part of the world. Wanama offers a wry smile and says, "You
don't have to beat about the bush. Some lions were killed here, and
the rangers came in the middle of the night and arrested
　　一个杀死狮子的嫌疑犯坐在乔治湖边不远的地方，他正在饶有乐趣地与一名牛倌玩一种叫做奥姆维索棋的棋盘游戏。他抬起头，自我介绍叫爱法姿·万拿马。他说他不能告诉笔者他的年龄以及他有几个孩子。“我们非洲人不数自己后代有多少，”他宣称，“因为你们洋鬼子（muzungu，是当地人称呼白人的俚语）不希望我们生那么多孩子。”
万拿马露出嘲讽的笑容并继续说，“你可以到灌木丛里逛逛，这里有几头被杀死的狮子，护林员会半夜来到这里并把我逮起来。”
In late May 2010 two
rangers in Uganda's Queen Elizabeth National Park saw vultures
hovering over a field in the park about a mile from Wanama's
village of Hamukungu and discovered the dead bodies of five
poisoned lions. Nearby were two cow carcasses that had been laced
with a bluish pesticide called carbofuran. Early intelligence
pointed to W another suspect fled the area. "They held me for
a day," Wanama says. "They have released me from their
investigation. I am not running
　　在2010年5月底的时候，在乌干达伊丽莎白女王国家公园里，两名护林员看到秃鹫在离Hamukungu村（万拿马所在的村庄）有1英里远的一块田野上空盘旋，随后他们就发现了5只被毒死的狮子。不远处是两头被人掺了一种叫做呋喃丹的浅蓝色农药的母牛的尸体。初期调查指向万拿马；另一名嫌疑人逃走了。万拿马说，“他们把我拘了一天，经过进一步调查后，他们又把我放了。我现在不用逃跑了。”
Hamukungu is located
within the boundaries of the park, whose predominant tourist
attraction is its population of lions, which has dwindled by about
40 percent in less than a decade. "The number of villagers has
increased," says Wilson Kagoro, the park's community conservation
warden, "as has the number of cattle. And this has created a big
conflict between them and us. They sneak into the park late at
night to let their cattle graze. When this happens, the lions feast
on the cows." Given that parkland grazing is illegal, the aggrieved
pastoralists are left with no legal recourse. But that does not
mean that they are without countermeasures. "We are surviving on
God's mercy," Wanama says when I ask how so many people manage to
survive on so little land. "The creation of this national park has
made us so poor! People have to live on the land!" It's a common
complaint in the overcrowded villages that ring the region's
networks of parks and reserves.
Hamukungu村位于国家公园的界区之内。这座国家公园最吸引游客的景观是狮子种群的数量，但狮子的数量在不到10年的时间里已经减少了大约40%。公园的自然保护区区长威尔逊&卡格罗说，“村民的人数在增加，同样地，牲畜的数量也在增加，这样村民和我们园方之间就产生了很大的矛盾。他们半夜里偷偷潜入公园，让他们的牲畜进来吃草。这种情况下，那些母牛便成了狮子们的盘中美食。”考虑到在公园用地上放牧是非法的行为，这些愤愤不平的牧民得不到法律的支持。但是，这种状况并不意味着他们就无可奈何。当我问他为什么这么多的人都偏要在这么一块小小的土地上生存时，万拿马这样说，“我们在这里能够生存下来是上帝的仁慈。是国家公园的建立才让我们变得这样穷的！人们要依靠这块土地才能生存！”这是这些人烟稠密的村庄里的村民很普遍的抱怨，这些村庄对该地区的公园和保护区的网络形成了包围之势。
Queen Elizabeth Park was
established in 1952 with the growing recognition that this region
had the highest biomass of large mammals of anyplace on Earth,
according to Andrew Plumptre, director of the Albertine Rift
Programme of the Wildlife Conservation Society. But social and
political upheaval made it difficult to protect the wildlife. Over
the decades poachers and desperate villagers raided the parks and
decimated the populations of elephants, hippos, and lions. By 1980
the number of elephants had dropped from 3,000 to 150 in Queen
Elizabeth.
　　根据野生动物保护协会艾伯丁裂谷保护计划负责人安德鲁&普伦普特里的介绍，伊丽莎白女王公园设立于1952年。设立的原因是人们逐渐认识到该区域拥有世界上其它任何地方所没有的最大的大型哺乳动物种群数量。但是该地区社会与政治动荡使得野生动物保护工作很难开展。在过去的几十年里，偷猎者和失望的村民常常突袭国家公园，人为减少公园内大象、河马和狮子种群的数量。到1980年的时候，伊丽莎白公园里大象的头数已经由3000头减至150头。
Virunga National Park in
eastern Congo—Africa's oldest, founded in 1925—is among the most
imperiled, with many people already settled inside its boundaries.
The countryside, once teeming with charismatic megafauna, is eerily
vacant. The park's tourist lodges are gutted. Since the Rwandan
genocide of 1994, much of the park has been closed to
　　维龙加国家公园位于刚果东部，建立于1925年，是非洲最早的国家公园。该园处境也比较危险，许多人已经定居在公园界区之内。在乡野之上，曾经活跃着大量神奇的大型土壤动物而今都销声匿迹了。公园区内供旅行者暂住的小屋也都遭到了破坏。自1994年卢旺达爆发种族灭绝事件以来，公园的大部分区域都对游客关闭了。
The park is a war zone.
Rodrigue Mugaruka is the warden of Virunga's central sector,
Rwindi. He is a former child soldier who participated in the 1997
overthrow of Mobutu Sese Seko, the longtime dictator of the DRC
(then called Zaire). In eastern Congo the vacuum created by
Mobutu's exit led to fierce competition among proxy armies and
various militias for its gold, charcoal, tin, and coltan. Now
Mugaruka is doing battle with militias—called Mai-Mai fighters—who
control illegal fishing and charcoal production in many of the
villages that have cropped up inside the park on the western shore
of Lake Edward. He recently regained control of his sector from
thousands of Congolese soldiers stationed there to fight off the
militias. Since the government rarely paid the soldiers, they
resorted to killing the wildlife for
　　公园变成了战场。Rodrigue
Mugaruka是公园卢温迪中心区的区长。他曾经是一名儿童士兵，参加了1997年推翻前总统蒙博托的战斗。蒙博托是民主刚果（那时候叫扎伊尔）在位时间最长的独裁者。在刚果东部地区，由蒙博托撤退留下的真空导致了代理人军队之间和各种武装派别之间对金矿、木炭、锡矿和钶钽铁矿的激烈争夺。现在Mugaruka正在同叫做“麦麦战士”的民兵组织作战。这个民兵组织控制了许多村庄的非法渔业和木炭生产，这些村庄都是突然出现在爱德华湖西岸的国家公园内的。他最近从数千名驻扎在这里击溃民兵组织的刚果士兵手中讨回了公园的控制权。由于政府很少给士兵发饷，所以他们便猎杀野生动物充饥。
Mugaruka's efforts to
enforce park regulations do not sit well with the tens of thousands
of Congolese who have fled areas of conflict and taken up residence
in the villages. In the fishing hamlet of Vitshumbi the warden
orders park rangers to chop up, douse in kerosene, and set fire to
several unlicensed fishing boats, illegal nets, and bags of
charcoal, while the villagers look on bitterly. In a fishing boat
dented from gunfire he ferries us to Lulimbi village, from which we
drive to the Ishasha River bordering Uganda, where 96 percent of
the park's hippo population has been slaughtered since 1976 and
sold for bush meat by militias. Later we head to the park's Mount
Tshiaberimu subsector, where an armed patrol provides
round-the-clock protection to 15 eastern lowland gorillas from
militias and from villagers who have been encouraged by politicians
to claim parkland.
　　Mugaruka强化公园管理的努力在数万刚果人面前显得很苍白，他们逃离冲突地区并在这些村子里定居下来。在一个叫Vitshumbi的小渔村里，中心区的区长命令护林员劈烂了好几条未登记的渔船、非法网具和成包的木炭，然后浇上柴油并放火烧掉。村民们痛苦地观望着。一位村名驾着一艘弹痕累累的渔船把我们送到了Lulimbi村。从那里我们又驱车到达乌干达边界旁的伊沙沙河。自1976年以来，在这个国家公园，96%的河马种群数量遭到民兵组织的屠杀并把河马肉当野味出售。随后，我们到达公园的Tshiaberimu山分区。在那里，有一只武装巡逻队全天候严密保护15只低地大猩猩免遭民兵组织和村民的骚扰。政客们鼓动主张后者声称拥有公园土地。
Rodrigue Mugaruka knows
that he's a marked man. The Mai-Mai—and the Congolese businessmen
who fund them—have made him a target. "Their objective is to chase
us out of the park for good," says the warden. "When we seize a
boat and a net, the businessmen tell the Mai-Mai, 'Before we put
another net in the water, you must go kill a ranger.' Three of mine
have been killed in the lake. If you consider the whole area, more
than 20 rangers have been
　　Mugaruka知道他已经成了敌人的眼中钉肉中刺。“麦麦战士”和雇佣他们的刚果商人已经把他当成了打击的目标。“他们的目的就是永远地把我们赶出国家公园，”这位区长说，“当我们截获一艘船和网具时，商人们会告诉‘麦麦战士’民兵，‘在我们把另一张网下到水中前，你们务必杀死一名护林员。’我们已经有三名护林员在湖里被害了。在整个国家公园内，被害的护林员已经超过了20人。”
Last January, Mugaruka's
men were ambushed with a rocket-propelled grenade by militia
fighters along a road that goes through the center of the park.
Three rangers and five Congolese soldiers were killed. Government
officials soon received a petition signed by 100,000 villagers
demanding that Virunga National Park be reduced in size by nearly
90 percent. The petitioners gave the government three months to
release the land, which they claimed belonged to them. After that,
warned the petition, the villagers would all grow crops in the
park—and defend their activities with
　　去年一月份，Mugaruka的人遭到了埋伏在穿过公园中心地带的一条路上的武装人员榴弹发射器的袭击。三名护林员和五名刚果士兵阵亡。政府官员不久便收到了万名村民签名的请愿书，要求维龙加国家公园占地面积缩减90%。请愿人给出政府三个月的期限撤出这个地区，他们声称这是他们的地盘。此后，为了声援请愿活动，村民们会倾巢出动在公园里种植农作物，并武装保卫在公园内的活动。
　　“我们需要土地”
The speaker gives his
name as Charles, a 24-year-old sitting on a freshly cut log in a
forest, a machete in his hand. He does not belong here, in Uganda's
Kagombe Forest Reserve. Then again, maybe he does. No less than a
presidential order has stopped the evictions of those who've
encroached on forest reserves and wetlands. Charles says a
government minister recently visited the Kagombe inhabitants. "He
told us we can stay," he says, grinning. The minister's cronies
have an election coming up, and the best way to placate voters is
to promise them land.
　　说话的人自称查尔斯，24岁，坐在森林里一颗新伐倒的原木上，手上握着一把砍刀。这里是乌干达Kagombe森林自然保护区，他本不属于这个地方，不过，很快他就会是了。前不久，一纸总统令停止了驱逐那些侵占森林保护区和湿地的人的行动。查尔斯说最近一位政府部长访问了Kagombe的居民。“他告诉我们，我们可以呆下去，”他说着，随即呲牙一笑。部长的密友马上要参加大选了，抚慰选民最好的方法就是向他们保证可以得到土地。
Charles and a few other
pioneering young villagers moved into the forest in 2006. "We'd
been living on our grandparents' property, but there were too many
people on the land already," he says. "We heard people talk about
how there was free land this way." A migrant group, the Bakiga, had
already begun to settle in Kagombe, and when the National Forestry
Authority tried to evict them, Uganda's President Yoweri
Muse&veni—himself facing reelection—issued the executive order
forbidding evictions. Thereupon a few local politicians urged the
native Banyoro people, who include Charles and his friends, to grab
some forestland as well, lest all of Kagombe wind up inhabited by
nonlocals.
　　2006，查尔斯和另外几位充当先锋的年轻村民搬到了这片森林。“我们一直生活在祖辈的土地上，但那里人已经太多了，”他说，“我们听到有人谈论说这边有免费的土地。”一群叫Bakiga的移民已经开始定居在Kagombe。在国家林业部试图驱逐他们时，乌干达总统穆塞韦尼（本人正面临连任的问题）发布命令禁止驱逐行为。随即几个当地的政客便鼓动土著巴尼奥罗人也去占领一些林地，以免Kagombe的土地都被外来人占领。
Charles and his friends
each claimed about seven acres of timberland and began slashing
away. They built grass-thatched huts, feed-storage sheds, a road,
and a church. They planted corn, bananas, cassava, and Irish
potatoes. Then they sent for their wives and began to have more
children. Today Charles is one of about 3,000 inhabitants of the
forest reserve and has no desire to leave. "We're very well off
here," he says.
　　查尔斯和他的朋友都主张了大约7英亩林地的所有权并开始垦荒。他们建造了草屋顶的小房子、草料库、一条道路，还有一座教堂。他们种植玉米、香蕉、木薯和马铃薯。然后，他们把妻子也接来大量生儿育女。现在查尔斯是大约3000名森林保护区内居民中的一位，也同样不想离开这里。“我们在这里过得很好，”他说。
The forest, meanwhile,
sometimes looks like a smoky wasteland, as people use fire to clear
the forest for crops. The damage goes beyond the aesthetic: Kagombe
serves as one of a series of connective forests that make up a
wildlife corridor for chimps and other animals. As Sarah Prinsloo
of the Wildlife Conservation Society observes, "The health of the
wildlife population in these parks is dependent on corridors like
Kagombe." The habitat destruction has contributed to a plunging
animal population throughout the region. In Kagombe itself most
wildlife has been hunted out.
　　与此同时，由于人们防火烧荒种庄稼，所以这片森林看起来就像一块烟雾缭绕的荒原一样。人为破环程度超出了（自然界的）审美要求：Kagombe本身是作为一系列的过渡森林地带之一，构成了一条黑猩猩和其它野生动物的走廊。就像野生动物保护协会的莎拉&普林斯罗观察到的那样，“在这些国家公园里，野生动物种群的健康程度是与Kagombe这样的野生动物走廊息息相关的。”在整个区域内，野生动物栖息地的破坏已经成为动物数量大幅度缩减的元凶。在Kagombe，大部分野生动物已经被猎杀殆尽。
The forestry authority's
sector manager, Patrick, contemplates the devastation with a
despairing smile. "They're cutting all of this down," he says. "And
we can't touch them. For us, it's a kind of psychoprofessional
　　林业部专业部门负责人帕特里克&卡克托对国家公园的破坏状况有很深刻的认识，笔者看到的是无奈的苦笑，“他们把森林都砍倒了，”他说，“我们束手无策。对我们而言，这不啻于心理折磨！”
How did this land of
plenty descend into a perilous free-for-all? Dig deep into its
history and it turns out the Albertine Rift has been shaped by
mistaken ideas about its ethnic identities. The archaeological and
linguistic evidence indicates that by as early as A.D. 500 various
peoples had migrated into the region and forged a heterogeneous
society that spoke similar Bantu languages and supported itself
with both farming and herding. In the 15th century centralized
kingdoms such as Bunyoro and Rwanda arose, along with exclusive
classes of pastoralists, who distinguished themselves from farmers
by their dress and a diet of milk, meat, and blood. Over time these
pastoralists became distinct from the rest of the population, and
their influence grew.
　　这么一大块土地是如何蜕变成一场危险的混战呢？探究一下艾伯丁裂谷的历史，我们可以很明显地看出它是由错误的部落文化认同想法塑造出来的。考古学和语言学上的证据显示，早在公元前500年时便有人类迁入该区域并形成了一个聚居社会，他们说着与班图语类似的语言，自身从事农业与牧业。到了15世纪，班尼奥洛和卢旺达等中央集权王国兴起，与此相伴的还有孤傲的游牧民阶层，他们通过衣着以及以奶、肉和畜血为食的饮食习惯将自己与农民区分开来。随着时间的推移，这些游牧民与其他族群有了明显的不同，同时他们的影响力也在增加。
By the time European
explorer John Hanning Speke arrived in the late 19th century, he
was astonished by the highly organized kingdoms he encountered,
complete with courts and diplomats. He assumed the elite
pastoralists, known as Hima or Tutsi, were a superior race of
Nilotic people (from what is now Ethiopia) who had invaded the
Great Lakes and subjugated what he regarded as the lowly indigenous
Bantu farmers, such as Iru or Hutu. "The states of the Great Lakes
challenged derogatory racial beliefs about African intellect and
ability," says archaeologist Andrew Reid. The idea of a Nilotic
invasion was a way to explain away the existence of sophisticated
kingdoms in the heart of Africa. The only problem: It wasn't
　　欧洲探险家约翰&汉宁&斯皮克在19世纪晚期到达这里的时候，他对看到的那些秩序井然的王国感到非常惊讶，而且这些国度里竟然还有法庭和外交家。他认为这些精英游牧民（应当是希玛族或图西族）是尼罗河人（来自现在的埃塞和比亚所处的地区）中优良的人种，他们入侵了大湖地区并征服了探险家本人视为地位比较低、类似伊鲁族或胡图族的班图族农民。“大湖区周围的国家向有关非洲人智力与能力很不敬的种族观念发起了挑战，”考古学家安德鲁&里德说。尼罗河人入侵的说法是为何在非洲心脏地带存在如此复杂的王国的一种解释而已。唯一的问题是：事实不是这样的。
That didn't stop the
Tutsi and other elites from embracing the story of their exotic
origins to better differentiate themselves from the majority Hutu.
And after East Africa was divided between European powers in the
late 19th century, the Germans and then the Belgians were only too
happy to co-opt what appeared to be the natural social hierarchy
and give preference to what they believed to be the superior
minority of Tutsi.
　　不管怎样解释都不会妨碍在历史上图西族和其它优秀族群凭借自己的外来背景将他们与大多数胡图族人更好地区别开来。然而在19世纪后期，东部非洲被德国和比利时瓜分之后，这两大欧洲列强由于太过兴奋，未能按照自然的社会等级制度指定代理人，也没有给他们认为优秀的图西族这一少数民族以优待地位。
Despite the oft-cited
physical differences between the two groups—the Tutsi are supposed
to be taller, lighter skinned, and thinner lipped than the Hutu—it
was so difficult to tell the two apart that by 1933 the Belgians
had resorted to issuing identity cards: The 15 percent who owned
cattle or had certain physical features were defined as Tutsi, and
the rest were Hutu. (Members of one family sometimes ended up in
different groups.) These identity cards, officially codifying a
caste system that separated one people into two, would be used
during the Rwanda genocide to single out who would live and who
would be murdered. By the time the colonizers granted the countries
independence in the early 1960s, ethnic hostilities between Tutsi
and Hutu had already led to waves of killings and retaliatory
murders. Today tensions between these two groups continue to play
out in the Congo.
　　人们都想象图西族比胡图族更高些、肤色更浅一些，嘴唇更薄一些。尽管人们经常援引这两个族群之间的体质差异，但是把它们真正分开还是在1933年比利时人采取颁发身份证的方式之后：15%拥有牲畜的人或者具有上述体质特征的人都被定义为图西族，而其余的人则是胡图族。（有时一个家庭中的成员会被归到不同的族群里。）身份证实际上是从官方把一个一群人分成两群人的种姓制度法律化了。这些身份证后来在卢旺达成为种族灭绝的帮凶，谁可以活，谁应当被消灭，就通过小小的身份证来挑选。到殖民者在上世纪60年代初承认这些国家独立时，图西族和胡图族之间的族群敌视已经导致了一波又一波的杀戮与报复性杀戮。时至今日，这两个族群之间的紧张关系依然在刚果上演着。
But clearly the Rwanda
genocide was the result of more than Hutu-Tutsi ethnic hatred. The
latter years of the 20th century had brought a sobering recognition
that there was in fact not enough for everyone in the Albertine
Rift—and with that, catastrophe. An alarming rise in population
coincided with a slump in coffee and tea prices in the 1980s,
poverty led to an even greater strain
on the land. Although it's true that a country like the Netherlands
had a population density as high as Rwanda did at this time, it
also benefited from mechanized, high-yield agriculture. Rwanda's
dependence on traditional subsistence farming meant that the only
way to grow more food was to move onto ever more marginal
　　但是很显然卢旺达的种族灭绝并不仅仅是胡图族与图西族族群仇视的结果。上世纪末，人们终于有了一个清醒的认识：艾伯丁裂谷养不起那么多的人——出现灾祸是必然的事情。在上世纪80年代，人口数量令人担忧地增加与咖啡和茶的价格的暴跌是一致的，由此人们陷入极度贫困境地；而贫困又导致土地资源更加紧张。当然事情也不都是绝对的：那时像荷兰这样的国家，其人口密度与卢旺达一样高，但荷兰受益于机械化的、高产的农业。卢旺达是依赖于传统的只能维持生计的农业，从而意味着增加粮食生产的唯一途径就是把更多贫瘠的土地都开发出来。
By the mid-1980s every
acre of arable land outside the parks was being farmed. Sons were
inheriting increasingly smaller plots of land, if any at all. Soils
were depleted. Tensions were high. Belgian economists Catherine
Andr& and Jean-Philippe Platteau conducted a study of land disputes
in one region in Rwanda before the genocide and found that more and
more households were struggling to feed themselves on little land.
Interviewing residents after the genocide, the researchers found it
was not uncommon to hear Rwandans argue that "war is necessary to
wipe out an excess of population and to bring numbers into line
with the available land resources." Thomas Malthus, the famed
English economist who posited that population growth would outstrip
the planet's ability to sustain it unless kept in check by
starvation, disease, or war, couldn't have put it more
succinctly.
　　到上世纪80年代中期，国家公园外所有可耕种土地都已经开发了出来。每个家庭的后代可以继承的是越来越小块的土地——如果还有可继承土地的话。土壤日趋贫化；人与自然的紧张程度越来越高。比利时经济学家凯瑟琳&安德烈和让-菲利普&普拉托在种族灭绝之前的卢旺达一个地区主持了一项有关土地争端的研究。他们发现越来越多的家庭正在极其有限的土地上努力养活自己。种族灭绝事件后，研究人员又采访了当地居民，经常可以听到卢旺达人辩称，“战争可以消灭过量的人口并且可以让可获得的土地资源重新分配。”托马斯&马尔萨斯先生都不会说得这么露骨。马尔萨斯是著名的英国经济学家，他的一个假设是，除非经常受到饥荒、疾病或战争的困扰，否则人口数量的增长将会超过这个星球的承载能力。
Andr& and Platteau do
not suggest that the genocide was an inevitable outcome of
population pressures, since the killings were clearly instigated by
the decisions of power-hungry politicians. But several scholars,
including French historian G&rard Prunier, are convinced that a
scarcity of land set the stage for the mass killing. In short, the
genocide gave landless Hutu the cover they needed to initiate class
warfare. "At least part of the reason why it was carried out so
thoroughly by the ordinary rank-and-file peasants … was the feeling
that there were too many people on too little land," Prunier
observed in The Rwanda Crisis, "and that with a reduction in their
numbers, there would be more for the
survivors."
　　安德烈和普拉托并不认可种族灭绝是人口压力增大之后不可避免结果的说法，因为杀戮行为很显然是受到了权力欲旺盛的政客们的鼓噪。但是，包括法国历史学家杰拉德&普吕尼耶在内的几位学者都确信土地资源的不足为大屠杀埋下了伏笔。总之，种族灭绝给了没有土地的胡图族发动阶级斗争的接口。普吕尼耶在其《卢旺达危机》一书中做了分析，“为什么参加大屠杀的全部都是平头百姓呢？至少有部分原因……是人们认识到绝大多数人只能依靠极少的土地谋生，而且随着人口数量的减少，幸存者将会得到更多的土地。”
The eastern Congo
village of Shasha has become a grim crossroads between major
destinations in North Kivu for armed groups seeking land, minerals,
and revenge. Mines holding eastern Congo's abundant tin, coltan,
and gold are almost exclusively under the control of these roving
bands—Hutu and Tutsi paramilitaries, Mai-Mai militias, army
soldiers—each descending on Shasha in a macabre rotation, one after
another, month after month, in a wave of
　　沙沙是刚果东部一个村庄，现在该村已经变成了北基伍省武装派别寻求土地、矿产甚至报复的两个主要目标之间的危险地带。刚果东部地区蕴藏丰富锡、钶钽铁和黄金的矿山几乎完全都被轮流坐庄的胡图族和图西族政府军、麦麦民兵、武装士兵等武装派别控制了。每支队伍都会在一次可怕的循环中一个接一个、一个月又一个月的撤退到沙沙村，但大破坏活动始终未曾平息。
A woman named Faida
weeps quietly as she recalls what happened to her a year ago. She
is petite, with fatigued eyes and a voice just above a whisper. In
her hands is a letter from her husband, demanding that she leave
their house because he feared she might have contracted HIV from
the men who raped her.
　　一名叫菲达的妇女一边回忆一年前她的遭遇一边低声的啜泣。菲达体态娇小、神态疲惫、说活的声音也就比耳语高点儿。她的手中攥着丈夫的一封来信，信中要求他离开他们的家，因为他担心她也许被强奸她的人传染了艾滋病病毒。
On that fateful day
Faida was on the same road she always took after working in the
peanut fields. She would walk an hour and a half to the market at
Minova with the peanuts on her back, then return home with
firewood. Faida was 32 and of the Hunde ethnic group, married with
six children, and for 16 years this had been her routine. She
believed no one would attack a woman in broad
　　在其遭难的那天，菲达一如往常地走在同一条路上。往常她总会在花生田干完农活后，背着花生花上1个半小时的时间赶到Minova市场上售卖，然后将木柴背回家。菲达32岁，属于少数民族洪德族，结婚16年已经生了6个孩子，她都习以为常了。她不相信有人会光天化日之下侵犯一个女人。
The three men were rebel
Hutu. She tried to run, but the load on her back was heavy. The men
told her to choose between life and death. Then they dragged her
into a cattle field. She lost
consciousness.
　　这三个男人属于胡图族反叛分子。她试图跑掉，但背上的木柴太重了。他们告诉她，是死是活认她选。于是，他们把她拖进了一块牧场……
Today she and her
children live with neighbors, and she cannot work. Her husband took
another wife. The physical damage done is extensive. "I'm really
suffering," she says. "Please help me with medicine, I beg
　　现在她和孩子们与邻居生活在一起，她不能干活了。她丈夫又娶了另外一个妻子。她遭受的痛苦超出了身体的创伤。“我很遭罪，”她说，“您能给我一片药吗？求您了！”
Shasha's population is
about 10,000, twice what it was in 1994, and its story is, writ
small, that of eastern Congo. A Hunde stronghold since antiquity,
Shasha saw an influx of Hutu in the 1930s, when the Belgian
occupiers brought them in to work their plantations. Later, in the
wake of the 1994 genocide, thousands more Hutu came as refugees.
Land disputes became overheated and were frequently resolved at the
point of a gun. The area's vast mineral wealth only made things
worse. Scarcity and abundance exist here side by side, fueling
grievances as well as greed, both spiraling into inexplicable
violence against innocents.
　　沙沙村人口有大约1万人，是1994年的两倍。它的故事就是整个刚果东部地区的一个小小的缩影。自古以来，沙沙村就是洪德族的一个定居点。上世纪30年代，沙沙村又目睹了胡图族的大量涌入。比利时占领者把他们带进来到他们的种植园干活。后来，在1994年种族灭绝事件后，又有几千名胡图族难民来到这里。土地争端变得火爆异常，而且基本上是枪杆子说了算。该地区丰富的矿产资源只会使事态变得更糟。在这里，缺乏与丰富是并存的，一方是累积的怨恨，一方是贪得无厌，两个因素纠缠在一起后所展现出来的就是针对无辜者无道理可言的暴力活动。
Goma women's advocate
Marie Gorette estimates that more than 800 females in the village
have been raped. They ranged in age, she says, from nine months to
80. One afternoon we sit in a hut while women enter one by one to
tell their stories. Odette is strong shouldered and wears a blue
print dress. It happened to her just ten days ago. Her 12-year-old
son found her unconscious in the cassava fields where she had been
working. Justine looks much younger than 28 and has lively eyes.
The Congolese Tutsi warlord Laurent Nkunda (under house arrest in
Rwanda since 2009) sent CNDP troops into Shasha in 2008. Justine
was far from the only one—many of her relatives and neighbors were
raped as well. Another woman, 42, tells how Congolese Tutsi rebels
barged into her house four years ago, took all the family's money,
and raped her. "It's a secret," she says, and I sadly realize she's
told me her story only because she thinks I can help
　　戈马妇女权益保护的倡导者玛丽&格雷迪估计，在这个村子里有超过800位女性被强奸，年龄从9个月到80岁。一天下午，我们坐在一个棚屋里，女人们一个接一个地进来讲述她们的遭遇。贾斯汀&奥德特肩很宽，穿一件蓝色印花连衣裙。强奸发生在她身上仅仅是10天以前的事。她12岁的儿子在她一直干活的木薯地里发现她毫无知觉地躺在那里。贾斯汀看起来比28岁的年龄要年轻很多，眼睛也很漂亮有神。2008年，刚果图西族军阀洛朗&恩孔达（2009年在卢旺达受到家庭监禁）派遣全国保卫人民大会（CNDP）的军队进驻沙沙村。贾斯汀并非是唯一遭到强奸的妇女——她的很多亲属和邻居也都遭受凌辱。另外一名42岁的妇女向我们讲述，4年前，刚果图西族叛军闯进她家，抢走了家里所有的钱还强奸了她。“这是个秘密，”她说，“我感到很悲哀，我认识到她之所以给我讲她的遭遇只是因为她认为我能帮助她。”
Some 200,000 females in
the Congo were raped between 1996 and 2008, and more than 8,000 in
the eastern provinces of North Kivu and South Kivu in 2009 alone.
And despite international attention following a 2009 visit to the
region by U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, the rapes
continue. Just as the "Hutu power" Rwandans sought to eradicate the
Tutsi in 1994 by massacring women and children, Shasha's invaders
are human heat-seeking missiles aimed at the village's women.
"Because it's the corridor, Shasha is the worst place in the region
when it comes to mass rapes," says Gorette. "They use rape as a
weapon to destroy a
generation."
　　从1996年到2008年，大约有20万名刚果女性遭到强奸，另外仅在2009年一年间，在北基伍省和南基伍省的东部地区就有超过8000名受到强暴。尽管2009年美国国务卿希拉里到访该地区后，反人类的暴力行为受到了国际关注，但是强奸犯罪依旧在继续。1994年，就在“争取胡图族权力”的卢旺达人试图通过大规模屠杀妇女儿童根除图西族时，沙沙村的入侵者就像人体热跟踪导弹一样将目标对准该村的妇女。格雷迪说，“因为地处地理走廊，只要发生大规模强奸行为，沙沙村就成了这个地区最糟糕的地方。他们把强奸当成了摧毁一代人的武器。”
I am somewhere in Rwanda
when my car breaks down. A man pulls over to where I'm hovering
over the smoking engine and offers to drive me the remaining 70 or
so miles to Kigali. "If this were the Congo, you would be in big
trouble," he says laughing.
　　当我的车出现故障的时候，我正在卢旺达某处。我围着冒烟的发动机束手无策，这时一个人靠了过来并提出开车把我带到还有大约7，80英里的目的地基加利（译注：卢旺达首都）。“如果是在刚果，你就会有大麻烦了！”他笑着说。
The 41-year-old man's
name is Samuel, and though he is from the farming community of
Rwamagana, his vocation is carpentry. By the region's standards,
Samuel's family is small. "Only four children," he says. "I think
that's the ideal size." Schools cost Samuel about $650 per child
each term. "But I think education is the solution. Otherwise people
have no work. They just resort to having lots of children and
stealing to survive." The broad-faced man smiles and says, "I'm
very optimistic about our country. The future is indeed
　　这个男人叫塞缪尔，尽管他来自鲁瓦马加纳的农耕社区，但他的职业却是木匠。依据这个地区的标准，塞缪尔的家庭不算大。他说，“我只有4个孩子，但我很满意。”
塞缪尔的每个孩子每个学期的学习费用大约650美元。“我认为教育是孩子们的出路，否则他们找工作都会很难。很多家庭都是生很多的孩子并靠偷窃为生。”这位宽脸男人笑着说，“我对我们的国家非常地乐观。我们的前途一片光明！”
It is no small miracle
that the country where the Albertine Rift's anxieties and
resentments metastasized into genocide would, less than two decades
later, emerge as the region's beacon of hope. Rwanda's President
Paul Kagame drove out the Hutu leaders of the massacre and helped
set up a Tutsi regime that has been in power ever since. While many
credit Kagame with bringing stability and economic growth to this
troubled region, several historians have come to view his regime as
a repressive autocracy that favors the Tutsi minority. He's come
under harsh criticism for human rights abuses against dissidents
and for using paramilitary groups to divert mineral riches from
eastern Congo to Rwanda. Though Rwanda has largely stopped the
direct plunder of resources that occurred during and after Congo's
last war, Kagame's plans to build up his country undoubtedly depend
on covertly exploiting Congo's mineral
　　在将近20年以后，这个因艾伯丁裂谷带来的焦虑和怨恨演变为种族灭绝的国家却崛起为这个地区希望的灯塔。这确实算个不小的奇迹！卢旺达总统卡加梅赶走了指挥大屠杀的胡图族领导人，并建立了一个自那时起到现在一直稳定的图西族政权。在许多人相信卡加梅给这个灾难深重的地区带来了稳定与经济发展的同时，也有几位历史学家清醒地认识到他的政权只是满足图西族这一少数族群的残暴的独裁政府。他已经因对持不同政见者侵犯人权并利用准军事组织从刚果东部向卢旺达转移矿产资源受到了严厉批评。尽管卢旺达在很大程度上已经停止了像上次刚果战争期间及战后对邻国矿产资源的直接掠夺，但是毋庸置疑，卡加梅还是在有计划地依赖秘密开采刚果的矿产资源建设自己的国家。
Still, there's no
denying the long list of successes Kagame has piled up in an
incredibly impoverished place. Rwanda is now one of the safest and
most stable countries in this part of Africa. The roads are paved,
the landscape is tidy, and the government has launched an ambitious
campaign to preserve what little forest is left in Rwanda.
Government programs train poachers for alternative livelihoods. An
event known as Kwita Izina has raised awareness of wildlife
conservation with an annual ceremony to name every newborn mountain
gorilla in Rwanda. A law passed this past June provides
compensation for any livestock—or humans—hurt or killed by
wildlife. And hundreds of thousands of acres owned by wealthy
landowners in the country's Eastern Province were shrewdly
redistributed to citizens in 2008, before Kagame's
reelection—though the president and other influential cronies
continue to own sprawling
　　不过，很显然卡加梅在一个极其贫困的地方堆砌了一系列的成功。卢旺达现在是非洲这个区域最安全、最稳定的国家之一。道路铺平了，风景优美了，同时政府还发起了一项雄心勃勃的运动保护卢旺达已经屈指可数的森林。政府也在计划培训当初的偷猎者，使之掌握其它谋生的本领。一项名为Kwita
Izina的活动通过一年一度为每一个在卢旺达新出生的山地大猩猩命名的仪式提升了人们野生动物保护意识。今年6月份，政府还通过了一项法律，为任何被野生动物伤害的牲畜或民众提供补偿。2008年，卡加梅总统连任之前，在这个国家的东部省份，富裕地主拥有的几十万英亩的土地被灵活地分配给了普通民众。当然，总统及其有权势的密友仍然拥有无序蔓延的种植园。
Unlike Uganda, where
President Museveni has declared its high fertility rate a tool in
building a productive workforce, Rwanda is tackling its high
fertility rate with aggressive family planning. "When I look at the
problem of Rwanda's population, it starts with the high fertility
rate among our poor women. And this impacts everything—the
environment, the relationship between our people, and the country's
development in general," says Jean-Damasc&ne Ntawukuliryayo, the
deputy speaker of parliament. "For all the visible progress Rwanda
is making, if we don't address this matter, then it will create a
bottleneck, and our development will be
unsustainable."
　　乌干达总统穆塞韦尼宣布该国会保持高的生育率以便建立一支生机勃勃的劳动力大军。与乌干达不同，卢旺达却在通过主动性的计划生育政策控制高生育率。卢旺达国会副议长让&达马塞纳&纳塔胡说，“当我审视卢旺达的人口问题时，我发现我们国家的贫困妇女存在高生育率现象。它的影响涉及方方面面——环境、人与人之间的关系以及国家的整体发展问题。因为国家正在为继续取得进步而努力，如果我们不努力解决这个问题，就会出现瓶颈，国家的发展就会不会持续。”
Yet even if Rwanda's
fertility rate falls below replacement level, as it's projected to
do by 2050, its population will still triple beyond what it was
before the 1994 genocide. Forty-three percent of Rwandans are under
the age of 15; 30 pe 81 percent live in rural
areas. To feed its burgeoning population and protect the wildlife
still left in its parks, Rwanda will need to figure out how to
produce much more food on much less land—a tall order in this part
of the world. Even Kagame's strongman government can do only so
much so fast.
　　然而，即使卢旺达的生育率低于了置换率的水平，根据其到2050年的人口发展计划，该国人口依然会达到1994年种族灭绝之前人口数量的3倍以上。43%的卢旺达人口是在15岁以下；30%为文盲；81%生活在农村地区。为了养活快速增加的人口并保护仍留在国家公园里的野生动物，卢旺达需要设法解决在更少的土地上生产更多粮食的问题——在非洲大陆上这是一个很难达到的目标。即便卡加梅的强权政府也只能做到现在这样。
"The average family of
six has little more than half an acre here," says Pierre Rwanyindo
Ruzirabwoba, director of Rwanda's Institute of Research and
Dialogue for Peace. "And of course those children will have
children. Where will they grow crops? That small piece of land has
been overworked and is no longer fertile. I'm afraid another war
could be around the corner."
　　卢旺达研究与和平对话学会主席皮埃尔&鲁瓦伊杜&鲁兹拉伯沃巴认为，“这里一个六口之家平均只有半英亩多的土地，而且那些孩子还会有下一代。他们在哪里种庄稼呢？这一小块地已经不堪重负，非常贫瘠了。我担心这个地区还会发生新的战争。”
Another full-scale war
in the heart of the Albertine Rift? It's an awful thing to
contemplate. Ruzirabwoba fretfully ponders the way out. High-yield
farming techniques, of course. Better job opportunities in the
city. And "a good relationship with our neighboring
countries."
　　另外一场全面战争会发生在艾伯丁裂谷的心脏地带吗？想起来是一个很可怕的事情。鲁兹拉伯沃巴正在焦虑不安地思索摆脱困境的办法。当然，高产农业技术是一条途径，另外就是在城市里提供好的工作机会，同时“还要与邻国保持良好关系。”
Then he shrugs and says,
"Perhaps some of our people can migrate to the
　　他耸耸肩继续说，“也许，一些我们的国民可以移民到刚果去。”
Rule of the gun prevails
in North Kivu, a conflict-ravaged province in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo. The Mai-Mai Kifuafua, one of many local
militias, flaunts its power on a road where it extorts money from
villagers and travelers. For almost 20 years near-constant fighting
over land, mining riches, and power has terrorized the
　　北基伍省是民主刚果一个饱受冲突蹂躏的地区，在这里是枪杆子里出政权。“麦麦战士”是当地众多民兵组织中的一个，他们在公路上大施淫威敲诈过往的村民和旅行者。在将近20年的时间里，对土地的持续争夺、地雷密布和强权政府都让当地民众苦不堪言。
Exhaling clouds of gas,
a cauldron of lava boils in the mile-wide crater of Nyiragongo, an
active volcano in the Congo that threatens two million people.
Eruptions have blistered the region for millions of years, since
the African tectonic plate began to split apart to create the
Albertine Rift.
　　伴随着巨大的烟云，在尼拉贡戈火山直径一英里的火山口里，熔岩在像一口锅里一样上下翻滚。这座位于刚果境内的活火山威胁着两百万人民的生命财产安全。自从非洲构造板块开始分裂并创造出艾伯丁裂谷之后，数百万年以来该地区的火山喷发绵延不绝。
A metal-roofed
metropolis, Goma sits at the crossroads of conflict in eastern
Congo, its population exploding with displaced villagers, soldiers,
profiteers, and aid workers. The lava-rumpled city sprawls between
Lake Kivu, full of dangerous gases, and the restless Nyiragongo
　　戈马是一座以铁皮屋顶为特色的大城市，坐落于刚果东部冲突地区的交叉地带。城市人口随着村民、士兵、投机商人和小工的涌入而不断膨胀。这座遭受过火山熔岩蹂躏的城市在笼罩着危险的烟气的基伍湖和永不休止的尼拉贡戈火山之间无序蔓延。
Elephants have miles of
unbroken savanna to roam inside Uganda's Queen Elizabeth Park,
where their numbers total 2,500, a dramatic rise after heavy
poaching in the 1980s. Outside the preserve villagers kill
elephants that trample and eat crops, though attacks have
diminished with the digging of trenches to protect fields from wild
trespassers.
　　在乌干达伊丽莎白女王国家公园内，大象仍然可以在数英里宽的原始稀树草原漫步。在经历了上世纪80年代大规模偷猎之后，大象种群数量有引人注目的增加，目前已经达到了2500头。尽管为了保护农田免受野外入侵者的袭击所挖的壕沟起了很大的作用，但是在保护区之外，因大象踩踏并啃食庄稼而遭村民射杀的事件还是时有发生。
A path from market to
squatters' camp leads a woman carrying sugarcane across a recently
burned plot in Uganda's Kagombe Forest Reserve. Desperate for land,
3,000 people live in the r