汉译英在线翻译句子我们在那里参观了水下世界

九年级1--15单词汉译英
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九年级1--15单词汉译英
1.抽认卡__________
2.词汇__________&
3.出声地__________
4.发音;发音法__________&
5.明确的;具体的__________&
6.记住;熟记__________
7.语法;语法规则__________
8.不同地;有区别地__________&
9.使失望;使沮丧__________&
10.令人失望的;令人沮丧的__________&
11.快地;迅速地__________&
12.补充;继续说__________
13.发……音__________
14.口语的;口头的__________&
15.慢地;缓慢地__________
16.错误;过失__________
17.犯错;出错__________
18.逗号__________
19.挑战__________&
20.解决;解答__________
21.以后;随后__________
22.认识到;了解到__________
23.重要;要紧__________
24.没关系__________
25.害怕的;犯愁的__________
26.害怕去做__________&
27.嘲笑;取笑__________&
28.完整的;完全的__________&
29.秘诀;诀窍__________&
30.学习者__________
31.做笔记;做记录__________
32.学期__________
33.使感动__________&
34.困难;苦难__________
35.快地;迅速地__________
36.查阅;查找__________
37.软的;柔软的__________&
38.编造;组成__________
39.文章__________
40.处理;应付__________&
41.处理;应付(词组)__________
42.如果不;除非__________
43.不公正的__________
44.解决;解答__________
45.将……视为__________
46.责任;义务__________&
47.容易的__________&
48.影响;对……起作用__________&
49.生……的气__________&
50.(指时间)过去__________&
51.友情__________&
52.失去__________
53.分歧;不一致__________
54.发育;发展__________
55.成年人__________
56.尽力做……__________
57.不重要的__________
58.面临;面对__________
59.军人;士兵__________
60.突然中断__________
61.心理学家__________
1.过去经常__________&
2.飞机__________
3.使害怕;使恐惧__________
4.非常害怕的__________&
5.入睡__________
6.开着的;接通的__________&
7.昆虫__________
8.糖果__________&
9.嚼;咀嚼__________
10.口香糖__________&
11.聊天;闲谈__________&
12.每日的;日常的__________
13.连环漫画__________&
14.死;死亡__________
15.造成__________
16.他自己;他本身__________&
17.有耐心__________&
18.最后;终于__________&
19.做决定__________
20.班主任__________&
21.令某人惊奇的是……__________&
22.正 ;恰恰__________
23.即使;纵然__________&
24.不再;已不__________&
25.对 ……感到自豪__________
26.注意 ;专心__________
27.对……注意__________
28.放弃__________&
29.浪费;滥用__________
1.刺穿;刺破__________&
2.执照__________
3.愚蠢的__________
4.耳环__________
5.代替;而不是__________
6.不睡觉;熬夜__________
7.集中__________
8.全神贯注;专心于__________&
9.学习;研究__________&
10.设计;构思__________&
11.目前;现在__________&
12.机会;时机__________
13.自愿(做某事);志愿者__________
14.地方的;当地的__________&
15.经历;体验__________
16.会员;成员__________
17.混乱;脏乱__________&
18.养老院__________
19.困倦的__________
20.回答;答复__________&
21.时事通讯__________&
22.服从__________
23.挡道的__________
24. 完成__________
25.比赛;与……比赛__________
26.现实的__________&
27.teach 的过去式__________
28.重要;重要性__________&
29.担心;关心__________&
30.成功;达到__________&
31.要点__________
1.百万__________&
2.医学的__________
3.研究__________&
4.领带__________&
5.烦恼__________
6.如果……将会怎么样__________&
7.小脓包;丘疹__________&
8.有活力的__________&
9.自信的__________&
10.允许__________&
11.(反身代词)她自己__________
12.使恼怒__________
13.一点也不__________&
14.使生气__________&
15.相当地__________&
16.充足__________
17.很多的__________
18.与……相处__________&
19.圈子;街层__________&
20.听者;收听者__________&
21.知识渊博__________
22.代表;表示__________
23.使……失望或沮丧__________
24.提出__________
25.剩余部分__________&
26.帮助__________
27.附近的__________
28.架子__________
29.出版__________
30.覆盖;遮掩__________
31.按;压__________
32.深的__________
33.顺楼梯而下__________
34.对的;正确的__________
35.烧伤__________
36.膝盖__________
37.疼;疼痛__________
38.感到疼痛__________
39.提供__________
40.拒绝__________
41.有帮助的__________
42.对待__________
1.属于__________&
2.属于(词组)__________
3.作家__________&
4.交游野餐__________&
5.发带__________
6.可能地__________
7.落下__________
8.交响曲__________
9.验光师__________
10.约会__________&
11.关键的__________&
12.形成__________
13.最后的__________
14.忧虑的__________
15.烦恼的__________
16.所有者__________
17.牛津大学__________
18.追逐__________
19.天;天空__________&
20.直升机__________
21.生物__________
22.赶上(车船等)__________&
23.不快乐的__________&
24.极其__________&
25.面视__________
26.噪音__________
27.风__________
28.邻居__________&
29.脚步声__________
30.垃圾__________
31.神秘的事物__________
32.主管__________&
33.猴子__________
34.逃跑__________
35.(狗等)吠声
36.气味__________
37.手指__________
38.举起__________&
39.石头__________
40.蚂蚁__________
41.海洋__________
42.不诚实的__________
43.假装__________
44.用完;耗尽__________
45.试图__________
Review of unit 1-5
1.网__________
2.关掉__________
3.北极熊__________&
4.越南__________
1.更喜爱__________
2.歌词__________
3.轻柔的__________
4.不喜欢__________
5.提醒__________
6.心;内心__________
7.细绳__________
8.下沉__________
9.黄河__________
10.渔民__________
11.最近的__________
12.娱乐;乐趣__________
13.特点__________
14.摄影__________&
15.美术馆__________
16.摄影者__________
17.展览__________&
18.展览;陈列__________
19.照片__________
20.引起……关注__________
21.等级__________
22.不管么样__________
23.错过__________&
24.显示__________
25.活力__________
26.好的__________
27.赞成的观点__________
28.反对的观点__________
29.诚实的__________&
30.课程__________
31.适合__________
32.(很)合某人的意__________&
33. 期待__________
34.甜的__________
35.品尝__________
36.老实说__________
37.对……有害__________&
38.实际上__________
39.油煎__________&
40.主要地__________
41.与……保持距离__________&
42.意见一致__________
43.(反身代词)它自己__________&
44.实验室__________
45.类型__________
46.癌症__________&
47.户外烤肉餐__________&
48.增加__________
49.危险__________&
50.饼干__________&
51.主要的__________&
52.感叹号__________
53.附加疑问句__________
54.缩略词__________
55.味道好的__________
56.素食主义者__________
57.使……震惊__________&
1.引起疲劳的__________
2.教育的__________
3.平静的__________&
4.迷人的__________
5.令人激动的__________&
6.从容;轻松__________
7.(美国)佛罗里达州__________
8.(缓慢或艰难地)旅行__________
9. (南美洲大河)亚马逊河__________
10.热带丛林__________
11.瀑布__________
12.(北美洲)尼亚加拉大瀑布__________
13.游客很多的__________
14.公众注意的中心__________&
15.考虑;思考__________
16.充满活力的__________
17.名胜__________&
18.包含__________
19.塔;塔楼__________
20.总教堂__________
21.(法国)巴黎圣母院__________&
22.教堂__________
23.便利的__________
24.地下的__________
25.一般事物__________
26.通常__________
27.葡萄酒__________
28.翻译__________&
29.把……打包__________
30.轻的__________
31.文中指一旅行社名__________&
32.东部的__________
33.提供__________
34.公司__________
35.地点__________
36.孔子__________
37.航行__________
38.太平洋__________
39.发现__________
40.数以千记的__________
41.尽快地__________
42.(使)继续__________
43.编程__________
44.翻译员__________
45.报道__________
46.乐意的__________
47.乐意(做某事) __________
48.相当多__________
49.做梦;梦到__________
50.梦想__________
51.爱好运动的人__________
52.结论__________
53.继续__________
54.态度__________
1.(把……)打扫干净__________
2.饿__________
3.无家可归的__________
4.使振奋__________
5.分发__________
6.打扫__________
7.标牌__________
8.广告__________
9.推迟__________
10.摆放__________&
11.建立__________
12.建立;建造__________
13.想出__________
14.主要的__________
15.奉献;忠诚__________
16.基础的__________
17.兽医__________
18.训练__________
19.相像__________
20.修理__________
21.修理;修补__________
22.相似的__________
23.张贴__________
24.要;要求__________
25.分发__________
26.听(观)众来电直播节目__________
27.方法__________
28.产生结果__________
29.(互联网的)站点__________&
30.肢体有残疾的__________
31.组织__________&
32.装满__________&
33.愉快__________&
34.盲的__________&
35.聋的__________
36.不能的__________
37.想像__________
38.关上(门、盖、窗户等) __________
39.搬运__________
40.帮助(某人)解决困难__________
41.特意的__________
42.(去)拿来__________
43.立即__________
44.支持__________
45.感激__________&
46.捐赠物__________&
47.词性__________
48.代词__________
49.副词__________
50.介词__________
51.连词__________
52.捐赠__________
1.发明__________&
2.计算器__________
3.用来做……__________&
4.用勺舀__________
5.可调整的__________
6.电池__________
7.操作__________
8.电池供电的__________&
9.拖鞋__________
10.加热__________
11.电灯泡__________
12.电灯泡__________
13.微波__________
14.微波炉__________
15.脆的__________
16.咸的__________
17.酸的__________&
18.错误地__________&
19.厨师__________
20.撒(粉末装物)__________&
21.偶然地__________
22.饮料__________
23.根据__________
24.古代的__________
25.传说__________
26.神农(中国古代传说中农业医药之祖)__________&
27.灌木__________
28.落入__________
29.留下__________
30.注意到__________
31.生产__________
32.合意的__________
33.混合__________
34.这样__________
35.陷阱__________
36.飞碟__________
37.面包店__________
38.布里奇波特(美国地名)__________
39.康涅狄格州(美国地名)__________
40.投;掷__________
41.味道__________
42.柠檬__________
43.小甜饼干__________
44.算盘__________
45.双筒望远镜__________
46.世纪__________
47.顺序__________
48.活动的__________
49.在户内__________
50.创造__________
51.木制的__________
52.敲;击__________
53.与……相撞__________
54.分开__________
55.目标__________
56.篮;筐__________
57.金属__________
58.环__________
59.投篮__________
60.在……的下面__________
61.蓝板__________
62.指导__________
63.向着__________
64.球场__________
65.柏林__________
66.(使)发展__________
67.普及__________
68.上升__________
69.rise的过去分词__________
70.世界范围的__________
71.协会__________
72.装备__________
1.到……时候__________
2.get 的过去分词__________
3.睡过头__________
4.发出响声__________
5.冲;奔__________
6.跑掉__________
7.准时__________
8.锁__________
9.亲属__________
10.break的过去式__________
11.停止运转__________
12.愚弄__________&
13.成套服装__________
14.尴尬的__________
15.空的__________
16.出席__________
17. 极其疲惫的__________
18.愚人节__________
19.宣布__________
20.火星__________
21.令人信服的__________&
22.恐慌__________
23.激起__________
24.权威机构__________
25.揭示__________
26.骗局__________
27.逃;逃走__________
28.flee的过去式__________
29.意大利式细面条__________&
30.农夫__________
31.卖完__________
32.女朋友__________
33.嫁;娶__________
34.(使)非常激动__________&
35. 结婚__________
36.结局__________
37.令人尴尬的__________
38.一片__________
Review of unit 6-10
1.万圣节前夕__________
2.荷兰__________&
3.珠穆朗玛峰__________
1.公共厕所__________&
2.洗发剂__________
3.杂货店__________
4.咖啡馆__________
5.部 ;局__________
6.百货商店__________
7.电动扶梯__________&
8.魔术__________
9. 新鲜的__________
10.街区__________
11.橡树__________
12.不拥挤的__________
13.滑道__________
14.水滑道__________
15.小丑__________
16.职员__________
17.有组织的__________&
18.穿上盛装__________
19.市场__________
20.借给__________
21.停车__________
22.好吧__________
23.直接的__________
24.命令__________
25.觉得奇怪__________
26.引导__________
27.(使)烦恼__________
28.冒犯__________
29.某;某些__________
30.结构__________
31.交上__________
1.摇动__________
2.握手__________
3.风俗__________
4.鞠躬__________
5.吻;亲吻__________
6.(哥伦比亚西部城市)卡利__________
7.(南美洲西北部国家)哥伦比亚__________
8.放松的;宽松的__________&
9.顺便__________
10.(瑞士西部城市)洛桑__________&
11.瑞士__________
12.国家__________
13.毕竟__________
14.对于__________
15.问候__________
16.秘鲁__________
17.擦;抹__________
18.餐巾__________
19.发出令人不愉快的声音__________
20.刺;戳__________&
21.粗鲁的__________
22.(用……)指;指向__________&
23.特地(不怕麻烦地)做某事__________
24.使人感到宾至如归__________
25.礼貌__________&
26.餐桌礼仪__________
27.习惯于……__________
28. 叉;餐叉__________
29.吃饱的__________
30.大腿__________
31.肘部__________
32.逐渐地__________
33.特殊的__________
34.称赞__________
35.敬酒__________
36.不熟悉的__________
37.调羹__________
38.餐刀__________
39.挤满__________
40.垃圾__________
41.寻找__________
42.聊天热线__________
43.联机的;在线的__________
44.打字__________
45.多半;主要地__________
46.缩略词;缩写形式__________
47.构成__________
48.短语__________
49.同音异行异义词__________
50.结合__________
51.象征__________
52.标点符号__________
53.记号__________
54.情感__________
55.由字符组成的图释__________
56.冒号__________
57.括号__________
58.在……旁边__________
59.电子邮件__________
60.谜语__________
61.自学__________
62.实验__________
63.合适的__________
64.高兴的__________
65.排队__________
66.通常__________
67.(疑问代词)谁的__________
1.泻湖__________
2.科学的__________
3.因此__________
4.粉红色的__________
5.光线__________
6.坚硬的__________
7.(为……)服务__________
8.公平的__________
9.运动__________&
10.有绝种危险的;濒临灭绝的__________
11.标语__________
12.神秘的__________&
13.有光泽的__________
14.皮肤__________
15.产品__________
16.前景__________
17.美;美貌__________
18.牙膏__________
19.星团__________
20.广告__________
21.赞成与反对__________&
22.瞄准__________
23.特定地__________
24.例子__________
25.列出__________
26.令人困惑的__________&
27.令人误解的__________
28.事实__________
29.有时__________&
30.首先__________
31.紧张__________
32.自制的__________
33.书包__________
34.紫色的__________
35.钱包 ;女用小包__________
36.内疚的__________
37.品味__________
38.格言__________
39.思想__________
40.有价值__________
1.游泳__________
2.(一套)衣服__________
3.游泳衣__________
4.手巾__________&
5.浇灌__________
6.手册__________
7.清楚__________
8.冰箱__________
9.汽车库__________
10.小提箱__________
11.(口语)过一会再与某人通话__________&
12.砍;劈__________
13.木头__________
14.点燃__________
15.井;水井__________
16.农庄__________
17.不管怎样__________
18.奖赏__________
19.波浪__________
20.舞台__________
21.成功且轰动一时的事物(如歌曲等)__________&
22.出现__________
23.领导的__________
24.主唱的__________
25.来日;将来某一日__________&
26.离开__________
27.诗;韵文__________
28.食橱;碗橱__________&
29.一次机会__________
30.邮件;邮包__________
31.祖先__________
32.根;根源__________
33.海外的__________
34.祖国__________
35.政府__________
36.到目前为止__________
37.南方的__________
38.村民__________
39.幸亏__________
40.坚定的__________
41.目的__________
42.步;脚步__________
43.盼望__________
1.海牛__________&
2.毛皮;似毛皮的__________
3.巨大的__________&
4.顽皮的__________
5.侵犯的__________
6.灰色(的)__________&
7.有斑点的__________
8.袋鼠__________
9.黑猩猩__________
10.猎豹__________
11.红树(一种热带树木)__________&
12.沼泽__________
13.生长环境;栖息地__________
14.水生的__________
15.动物的食物__________
16.在水下的__________
17.(总称)植物__________
18.称;称……重量__________
19.磅__________
20.被污染的__________
21.现在进行时__________
22.一般现在时__________
23.动词原形__________&
24.被动语态__________
25.现在完成时__________
26.合适的__________&
27.极小的__________
28.笼子__________
29.厌恶的__________
30.教育__________
31.关心__________&
32.强烈要求__________
33.词语__________
34.再循环__________
35.build的过去式和过去分词__________
36.原料;材料__________
37.拉;拖__________
38.粘贴__________
39.顶;屋顶__________
40.丢弃;抛弃__________
41.瓦片;瓷砖__________
42.栅栏;围墙__________
43.容器__________&
44.最近__________
45.行星__________
46.社团__________
47.总统__________
48.灵感__________
49.多余的& __________
50.模型__________
Review of units 11—15
1.材料__________
2.商业__________
3.塑料(制)的__________&
4.确实地__________
5.自豪的__________
6.旗;旗帜__________
7.国旗__________
TA的最新馆藏[转]&[转]&[转]&[转]&[转]&[转]&
喜欢该文的人也喜欢汉译英:我先带你到我们公司园区参观,然后陪你去餐厅吃饭,最后送你去宾馆。_百度知道
汉译英:我先带你到我们公司园区参观,然后陪你去餐厅吃饭,最后送你去宾馆。
汉译英:这是我的手机号,请告诉我你的手机号,有事随时叫我
just feel free to contact me, please tell me yours,有事随时叫我Here is my phone number,请告诉我你的手机号.这是我的手机号我先带你到我们公司园区参观,然后陪你去餐厅吃饭,最后送你去宾馆。I will take you to visit our company yard, then go to have lunch with you, finally send you to the hotel
采纳率:63%
First I will take you to visit our company yard and then we go to have lunch together. In the end, we will send you to the hotel. This is my phone number and could you please tell me your number? You can feel free to call me
First I will take you to visit our company yard,then I'll accompany you to have a meal in the restaurant.Finally,I shall take you to the hotel.This is my telephone number,please tell me your phone number,call me if you feel free.
前两个都很好啊
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英汉翻译技巧课件
英汉互译实践与技巧 ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?第一讲 翻译简论 第二讲 英汉语言对比研究 第三讲 Amplification 增词法 第四讲 Omission 省略法 第五讲 Nouns 英语名词的翻译 第六讲 Prepositions 英语介词的翻译 第七讲 Adjectives 英语形容词的翻译 第八讲 Adverbs 英语副词的翻译 第九讲 Hypotactic vs. Paratactic 形合与意合 第十讲 Passive vs. Active 被动与主动 第十一讲 Restructuring 结构调整 第十二讲 Impersonal vs. Personal 物称与人称 第十三讲 Affirmative vs. Negative 肯定与否定 第十四讲 Nominal Clauses 名词性从句 第十五讲 Attributive Clause 定语从句 第十六讲 Adverbial Clause 状语从句 实用文体翻译1:简历 ? 实用文体翻译2:求职信 ? 实用文体翻译3:通知 ? 实用文体翻译4:致辞 ? 实用文体翻译5:企业或学校简介 ? 实用文体翻译6:说明书 ? 实用文体翻译7:新闻 ? 实用文体翻译8:论文题目、摘要 ? 实用文体翻译9:科技英语? AssessmentAttendance (10%) ? Assignments(15%×2= 30% ) ? Final Exam (60%)? Suggested reading books? ? ? ? ? ? ??仝益民 《说词解句:英汉语言对比与翻译》大连理工大学 出版社 2009年 许建平 《英汉互译实践与技巧》清华大学出版社 2006年 陈海庆《布局谋篇:英汉篇章互译技巧大连理工大学出版 社 2009年 郭著章、李庆生《英汉互译实用教程》武汉大学出版社 1996年 张培基 《英汉翻译教程》上海外语教育出版社 1980年 张光明 《英语实用文体翻译》中国科学技术大学出版社 2009年 连淑能 《英汉对比研究》高等教育出版社 1993年 李瑞华 《英汉语言文化对比研究》上海外语教育出版社 1997年 第一讲-1 A Brief Introduction to Translation 翻译简论一、教学重点:1. 翻译的信达雅标准 2. 直译与意译二、教学内容:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 翻译的重要作用 翻译的性质和范围 翻译的原则和标准 直译与意译 翻译技巧种种 Ⅰ. Important Role of Translation 翻译的重要作用好的译文:Coca Cola可口可乐、 Hacker 骇客、 club俱乐部 、 laser 激光 ? 不好的译文: laser镭射(名不副实) 、 menu菜单(容易误导) 、nylon尼龙(读写不一) ? “芳芳” Fangfang ? Mokasutu “默?? Ⅱ. Nature and Scope of Translation 翻译的性质和范围Definition定义举例:??我国最流行的说法:?翻译是运用一种语言把另一 种语言所表达的思想内容准确而完整地重新表达出 来的语言活动?。 美国翻译理论家E.A.Nida:“Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. 所谓翻译,是指从语义到语体(风格)在译语中 用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。? Ⅱ. Nature and Scope of Translation 翻译的性质和范围?? ?英国翻译教育家Peter Newmark:“It is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. 翻译是按作者的创造意图把一篇文章的意思 用另一种语言描述出来的过程。? 英国的J.Catford:“翻译是把一种语言的文字材 料替换为另一种语言的对等的文字材料。? 《现代汉语词典》:?翻译是把一种语言文字的 意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。? Ⅱ. Nature and Scope of Translation 翻译的性质和范围Nature性质:?Translation is not a word for word activity1、她现在非常红. *She is very red now. (She is very popular now.) 2、你给我站住!*You Give Me Stop!! (Stand!) 3、蠢蠢欲印 *Stupid stupid want to move . (Be ready to do sth.(bad)) 4、寒暄 *coldly talk for a while (to exchange greetings and make small talk ) 5、跳伞处 *&Site of jumping umbrella& (paragliding site) 6、请爱护花草* &Cherishing Flowers and Trees& (keep off the grass.) Ⅱ. Nature and Scope of Translation 翻译的性质和范围类别:语言 native? foreign、 foreign? native工作方式 口译(interpretation)、笔译(translation)、机器翻 译(MT) 口译:连续传译(consecutive interpretation)、同声 传译(simultaneously interpretation)文体 应用文体、科技文体、论述文体、新闻文体、艺 术文体处理方式 全译、节译、摘译、编译、译述(综述和述评) Ⅲ. Principles or Criteria of Translation 翻译的原则和标准Principle原则:? ? ? ? ??? ??严复:信,达,雅(faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance) 鲁迅:易解、保持原作的风姿 林语堂:忠实、通顺、美 傅雷:神似说(spiritual conformity) 钱钟书:化境说 (sublimed adaptation) 许渊冲:三美说(意美、音美、形美) 泰特勒Tytler :翻译三原则 费道罗夫等:等值论 (translation equivalence) 奈达:读者反应论 (dynamic equivalence) Ⅲ. Principles or Criteria of Translation 翻译的原则和标准Principle原则:严复Yan Fu :the first Chinese who made a penetrating(敏锐的) and relatively systematic study of translation standard in modern times. ? Evolution and Ethics《天演论》 ? The Wealth of Nations 《国富论》 Ⅲ. Principles or Criteria of Translation 翻译的原则和标准Principle原则:严复: ? 信 faithfulness/ accuracy 忠实/准确 ? 达 expressiveness/ smoothness通顺/流畅 ? 雅 elegance ?? Ⅲ. Principles or Criteria of Translation 翻译的原则和标准Principle原则:??译文和原文的关系: faithfulness/ accuracy 忠实/准确 original contents original meaning and views original form and style 译文和读者的关系: expressiveness/ smoothness通顺/流畅 easy, readable rendering idiomatic expression Ⅳ. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译Process翻译过程:???理解 Comprehension :comprehend the source text completely 表达 Expression:render the source text into the target language text (a rough translation) 校正 Proofreading:proofread the rough translation & polish Ⅳ. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译理解:1. semantic system 语言分析 2. context (linguistic and nonlinguistic) 语境分析 3. background information and specialized knowledge 4. Logic 逻辑分析 Ⅳ. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译表达:Context 2. Avoid translationese 翻译腔 所谓?翻译腔?是指译文表达不流畅,似通非通, 不地道,诘屈聱牙,给人?怪怪的?感觉,简单地 说,就是汉译出现?欧化?(Europeanized)现象而 英译出现?汉化?(Chinglish)现象 例:--照搬词典的释义,望词生义 She then uncrossed her legs. 她于是使她的腿不交叉。 于是她收起二郎腿。1. Ⅳ. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译 怎样避免:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 具有端正的翻译态度 正确使用工具书 了解英汉语主要差别 掌握必要的翻译技巧 培养跨文化意识 Ⅳ. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译校正:1. 对原作理解的错误; 2. 原作词句或段落的漏译; 3. 译文中措辞不当之处或错别字; 4. 译文语句不通顺的地方; 5. 人名、地名、日期、数字、专有名词等方面的误 译; 6. 译文的格式是否合乎规范; 7. 译文的标点符号和其他专用符号使用是否正确; 8. 是否应添加必要的注释,等等。 Ⅳ. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译Literal Translation 直译:? Not to alter the original words and sentences.? ?To keep the sentiments and style of the original. To reproduce the ideological content and the style of the original works and retain as much as possible the figures of speech. Ⅳ. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译直译的例子:crocodile tears 鳄鱼的眼泪; armed to the teeth 武装到牙齿; chain reaction 连锁反应; gentlemen’s agreement 君子协定 one country, two systems 一国两制; The three religions and the nine schools of thought 三教九流; paper tiger 纸老虎; go to one’s external rest 安息;the long sleep 长眠; see Marx 见马克思;go west 上西天; go to heaven 上天堂; Ⅳ. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译Free Translation 意译:an alternative approach generally used to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to copy its sentence patterns or figures of speech. E.g.: 粗枝大叶(比喻工作粗糙,做事不认真细致;形容很 简略,不细致,不具体。 ) To be crude and careless (死译:with big branches and large leaves) 无孔不入(比喻有空子就钻。 含贬义 ) To take advantage of every weakness, poke into every nook and corner (死译:to get into every hole)? Ⅳ. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译意译的例子:Adam’s apple 喉结; at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟 It rains cats and dogs. 大雨滂沱. Do you see any green in my eye? 你以为我是幼稚可欺的吗? Ⅳ. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译More Examples:1) Little fish does not eat big fish. 直译:小鱼吃不了大鱼。 意译:胳膊拧不过大腿。 2) There’s no pot so ugly it can’t find a lid. 直译:再丑的罐子也不愁配个盖儿。 意译:再丑的姑娘也不愁找不到婆家/丑女不愁嫁。 3) What was hatched a hen must not try to be a rooster! 直译:孵出来是母鸡就别想冒充公鸡! 意译:生就是个女人就别想冒充男人! Ⅳ. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译??直译≠字对字翻译 word for word translation : 直译要近情理,便于读者理解、接受,否则就会变 成硬译、死译。How are you? *怎么是你? How old are you? *怎么老是你? He is lying on his back . 他卧在他的背上。 心花怒放 heart flower angry open [ to fe to burst with joy ] Ⅳ. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译Difference between word-for-word translation and literal translation: ? Word-for-word translation: translate word by word without making any adjustment, starchy, stiff, unintelligible (死板、生硬、难理解) unacceptable, unqualified translation ? Literal translation: make some
smooth, clear & natural. Can have almost the same feeling as the SLR. acceptable, good translation Ⅳ. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译Free translation ≠ wishful translation (to add or delete the content of the original, or add personal emotion) ? 意译应当注重事实依据,不能无中生有、随 意杜撰,否则就会变成胡译、乱译。? Ⅳ. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译Relationship between literal translation and free translation:??Complementary, instead of contradictory Literal translation and free translation may be alternatively used in the process of translation. Ⅳ. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译1) Don't lock the stable door after the horses has been stolen. Literal translation: 不要等马被盗后,才去锁. Free translation: 不要贼走关门. 2) Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor it is a way to make social problem evaporate. Literal translation: 砸镜子不能使丑八怪变漂亮,也不能使社会问题烟消云散. Free translation: 砸镜子并不能解决实际问题. Ⅳ. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译3) 无风不起浪 Literal translation: There are no waves without wind. Free translation: There's no smoke without fire. Ⅳ. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译Some sentences can only be translated freely.Our son must go to school. He must break out of the pot that hold us in. Literal translation: 我们的儿子一定得进学校,他 一定得打破这个把我们关在里面的罐子. Free translation: 我们的儿子一定要上学,一定要 出人头地. Ⅳ. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译When to use free translation?1. When it is difficult to understand if
2. When literal translation can not express the deep mea 3. When idioms can be used. Ⅳ. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译1) Maybe Kino has cut off his own head and destroyed himself.Literal translation: *也许Kino会割掉自己的脑袋,把自己毁了. Free translation: 也许Kino走了绝路,自己毁了自己. 2) Cast pearls before swine. Literal translation: *把珍珠扔到猪面前. Free translation: 对牛弹琴. 3) Barbara was born with a silver spoon in her mouth.Literal translation: *Barbara嘴里叼着银调羹出生的. Free translation: Barbara出生于富贵人家. Ⅳ. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译How to use them properly and proficiently??? ?know source language and target language culture as much as possible and have extensive knowledge with the problems which the original wrote or talked about. comprehend source language message correctly and thoroughly. practice makes perfect. Ⅳ. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译Domestication 归化/ Foreignization 异化vs. Free / Literal TranslationFree / Literal Translation is on the linguistic level ? Domestication / Foreignization is more concerned with the cultural level ? 归化――使原文作者尽量靠近译文读者,以目的语(target language)文化为中心 习惯认为,当原文与译文之间因文化差异而出现不能通达的情 况时,?要用译语文化替代原语文化?即把在译语中找不到对 等的外语词汇改头换面,或套用译语中与之相似的现成的表达 法,把它们变成读者熟悉的译语文化形象。 ? 异化――使译文读者尽量靠近原文作者,以源语(source language)文化为中心。 读异国文学是为了欣赏异国作品特有的韵味和语言风格, 应着 力于全面、完整地向译语读者介绍对方的全部意蕴,包括文化? Ⅳ. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译All roads lead to Rome. 条条大道通罗马 不能译成:殊途同归 ? To teach one’s grandmother to eat eggs. 教老祖母吃鸡蛋 班门弄斧 ? 班门弄斧:show off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban, the master carpenter.? Ⅴ. Translation Techniques 翻译技巧种种影响因素:1. Text Types 2. Translation Purpose 3. Socio-cultural Constraints技巧方法源于翻译实践 Practice??? ? ? ? ?1. He was a dead shot. However, he met his Waterloo this time. 2. After the failure of his last novel, his reputation stands on slippery ground. 3. He carried his age astonishingly well. 4. She'd never again believe anything in trousers. 5. Nixon was pleased by the distinction, but not overwhelmed. 6. &I'll have Lisa where I want her. & 7. Yet China was a land of constant surprise and shifting impression. Answer??? ? ? ? ?1. 他是一个神枪手,可这一次却遭到惨败。 (遭 遇了滑铁卢) 2. 他上一篇小说写砸了,他的名声从此岌岌可危。 3. 他一点儿不显老,面容年轻得令人惊讶。 4. 她再也不愿相信任何男人。 5. 尼克松对受到破格礼遇非常高兴,但并没有受宠 若惊。 6. 我要让丽莎乖乖听话。 7. 而中国是一片令人惊讶、日新月异的土地。 Send=送? ? 1. Who sent the letter? ? 2. Have you sent off the order? ? 3. Please send him in. ? 4. He sends words that he wouldn't be coming. ? 5. Could you send sb. to help us? ? 6. Please send the goods by air. ? 7. The shot sent the birds flying away. ? 8. Send for the doctor, please. 送 = send? ? 1. 送某人一本书 ? 3. 送信 ? 5. 送行 ? 7. 送命 ? 9. 送某人回家 ? 11. 送葬2. 送礼 4. 送客 6. 送雨伞 8. 送孩子上学 10. 将卫星送上天 12. 送罪犯上法庭审判 Answer ? 1. give sb. a book ? 2. present a gift to sb. ? 3. deliver a message ? 4. see a visitor out ? 5. see sb. Off ? 6. bring sb. an umbrella ? 7. lose one’s life (get killed) ? 8. take a child to school ? 9. escort sb. home ? 10. launch a satellite ? 11. take part in a funeral procession ? 12. hand the criminal over to the court for trial 第一讲-2一、教学重点:英汉语言对比研究1. 英汉语言宏观对比 2. 提高三种翻译能力二、教学内容:1. 英汉语言宏观对比 2. 通过比较研究和翻译 批评提高实际能力 Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比一、综合语与分析语(Synthetic vs. Analytic)综合型语言,运用词的形态变化来表达语法关系。e.g. German, Old English. ? 分析型语言,不运用词的形态变化而用词序及虚词等 手段来表达语法关系。e.g. Chinese ? 现代English:综合-分析型语言, Three major grammatical devices of English: Inflection形态变化, word order词序, and function words 虚词? Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比一、综合语与分析语(Synthetic vs. Analytic)1. 英语有形态变化,汉语没有严格意义的形态变化 ? 英语:affixation词缀变化(prefix前缀、suffix后缀), gender性, number数, case格, tense时, aspect体, voice语态, mood语气, degree of comparison比较级, person人称, parts of speech词性 ? 汉语:?着?、?了?、?过?、?的?、?地?、 ?得?之类的助词 Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比一、综合语与分析语(Synthetic vs. Analytic)2. 英语词序比较灵活,汉语词序相对固定 ? 英语词序倒置的现象较多(原因在于:形态变化和 运用丰富的连接词)。 ? 汉语只能按照表意的需要排列词序。 Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比一、综合语与分析语(Synthetic vs. Analytic)2. 英语词序比较灵活,汉语词序相对固定 ? 定语的位置 A candidate with little chance of success 一个当选希望极微的候选人 英国是第一个承认中国的西方大国。 Britain was the first west power to acknowledge the P.R.C. Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比一、综合语与分析语(Synthetic vs. Analytic)2. 英语词序比较灵活,汉语词序相对固定 ? 状语的位置 ? English:S+V+O+ manner + place + time ? Chinese:S + time + place+ manner + P +O 她温柔地点了点头。 She nodded in a tender way./ tenderly. 她每天清晨在室外高声朗读英语。 Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比一、综合语与分析语(Synthetic vs. Analytic)3. 英汉都有大量的虚词,但各有特点 ? 英语:articles冠词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries助 动词, coordinators并列连接词, subordinators从属连 接词 ? 汉语:介词、连词、 助词 动态助词:着、了、过 结构助词:的、地、得 语气助词:吗、呢、吧、啊、嘛、呀、哪 Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比二、紧凑与松散( Compact vs. Diffusive )? 英语的主谓结构可归纳为五种基本句型:SV, SVP, SVO, SVoO, SVOC各种长短句子,一般都可以看作是这五种基本句型 及其变式、扩展、组合、省略或倒装。 语法一致原则 grammatical concord 意义一致原则 notional concord 就近原则 principle of proximity 注重形式接应 formal coherence Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比二、紧凑与松散( Compact vs. Diffusive )? 汉语主谓结构要复杂得多,注重意念连贯(semantic coherence) 警察抓住了小偷; 三个小偷都抓住了;(受事主语) 昨晚抓住了三个小偷;(时间主语) 公共汽车上抓住了三个小偷。(地点主语) Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比三、形合与意合( Hypotactic vs. Paratactic )句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式 手段(如关联词)连接起来,表达语法意义和逻 辑关系。 ? Paratactic: 词语和分句之间不用语言形式手段连 接,句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句 的含义表达。? Hypotactic: Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比三、形合与意合( Hypotactic vs. Paratactic )? 英语:形合法:关系词、连接词、介词、其他 ? 汉语:意合法:语序、反复、排比、对偶、对照、紧缩句、四字格 ? 英语句子:一棵参天大树,一串葡萄 树形扩展,多枝共干,节外生枝 ? 汉语句子:一根竹子 线型扩展,连续铺排,逐步交代,层层铺开 Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比三、形合与意合( Hypotactic vs. Paratactic )车未停稳,请勿上下。 Never get on or off the bus before it comes to a standstill. 无事不登三宝殿。 I wouldn’t come to you if I hadn’t something to ask of you. 他不来,我不去。 If he won’t come here, I’ll not go there. 欲盖弥彰 The more one tries to hide, the more one is exposed. Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比四、繁复与简短(Complex vs. Simplex)? 英语:从属结构是现代英语最重要的特点之一。句子呈句首封闭、句尾开放。书面语句子长而复 杂,环扣相嵌,盘根错节,句中有句。造句采用 ?楼房建筑法?。 ? 汉语:常用散句、松句、紧缩句、省略句、流水 句或并列形式的复句,以中短句居多。句子呈句 首开放、句尾收缩。造句采用?流水记事法?。 ? 注重繁简句式与文体的关系。 Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比四、繁复与简短(Complex vs. Simplex)? 英译汉时要破句重组,化繁为简。In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colours. 门口放着至少有十二把五颜六色、大小不一的雨伞。 门口放着一堆雨伞,少说也有十二把,五颜六色,大 小不一。 Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比五、物称与人称( Impersonal vs. Personal )? 英语:常用物称表达法。不用人称来叙述,而让事物以客观的口气呈现出来。 ? 汉语:常用人称表达法。较注重主题思维,以?万 物皆备于我?作主导,从自我出发叙述客观事物, 或倾向于描述人及其行为或状态。 Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比五、物称与人称( Impersonal vs. Personal )? 英语常用非人称主语,汉语常用人称主语Alarm began to take entire possession of him. 他开始变得惊恐万状。 An idea suddenly struck me. 我突然想到了一个主意。? ?无灵主语?+?有灵动词?Beijing has witnessed a great many historical events. 北京目睹过许多伟大的历史事件。 Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比五、物称与人称( Impersonal vs. Personal )? 英语常用被动式,采用物称表达法;汉语常用主动式,采用人称、泛称或隐称表达法。 Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered. 发现了错误,一定要改正。 Specialties in colleges and universities should be adjusted and teaching methods improved. 必须调整高等院校的专业设置,改进教学方法。 Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比六、被动与主动(Passive vs. Active)? 英语常用被动语态原因:1、施事的原因: 施事未知而难以言明 The murderer was caught yesterday, and it is said that he will be hanged. 施事从上下文中可以不言自明 She told me that her master had dismissed her. No reason had been assigned. Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比六、被动与主动(Passive vs. Active)施事不如受事重要,或受事需要强调 Her only son was run over by a car. 由于特殊原因而不要指明施事 Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken. Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比六、被动与主动(Passive vs. Active)原因:2、句法的要求: 为了使句子承上启下、前后连贯、便于衔接 Some kinds of plastics can be forced through machines which separate them into long, thin strings, called ?fibres?, and these fibres can be made into cloth. 为了使句子平衡,保持末端中心和末端重量,以 符合主语简短、谓语复杂的表达习惯 I was astonished that he was prepared to give me a job. Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比六、被动与主动(Passive vs. Active)原因:3、文体的需要: 科技文体、新闻文体、公文文体、论述文体 Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比六、被动与主动(Passive vs. Active)? 汉语常用意义被动式(用主动形式表达被动意义)原因:1、汉语被动式的使用受到限制: It was done. 这件事已做。 It was well done. 这件事做得好。 It was poorly done. 这件事做得不好。/这件事搞坏了。/这件事被弄坏了。/这件 事给弄糟了。 ?让、给、叫、挨、受、遭、蒙?,大多表达不如意或不企 望 Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比六、被动与主动(Passive vs. Active)汉语常用主动形式表达英语的被动意义 Language is shaped by, and shapes, human thought. 人的思想形成了语言,而语言又影响了人的思想。 Not only politeness but an attitude of reverence is demanded in church.在教堂里,人们不仅要有礼貌,而且应该有一种虔 诚的态度。 Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比六、被动与主动(Passive vs. Active)2、使用受事主语导致大量的?当然被动句? 昨晚我盖了两条被子。 Last night I was covered up with two quilts. 一匹马骑两个人。 Two persons rode one horse. Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比六、被动与主动(Passive vs. Active)3、当不需要或不可能说出施事者的时候,汉语可以 采用无主句或主语省略句来保持句子的主动形式 要制造飞机,就必须仔细考虑空气阻力问题。 Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to be manufactured. Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比六、被动与主动(Passive vs. Active)4、当施事者难以指明时,汉语还可以采用通称或泛 称(如?人?、?有人?、?人们?、?人家?、 ?别人?、?某人?等)作主语,以保持句子的主动 形式。 It is said that …有人说,据说,据云 Voices were heard calling for help. 有人听见呼救的声音。 Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比六、被动与主动(Passive vs. Active)5、当不便使用被动式时,汉语可采用某些转换式来 表达被动意义。 ①?把字式?或?将字式? 风把树刮倒了。 The wind blew down the tree. These questions should not be confused. 不要把这些问题混在一起。 Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比六、被动与主动(Passive vs. Active)②?为…所?或?被…所?式 她被花言巧语所陶醉。 She is intoxicated with sweet words. ③?是…的?式 这些产品是我国制造的。 These products are made in our country. Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比六、被动与主动(Passive vs. Active)④?…的是?式 推荐我的是一位教授。 I was recommended by a professor. ⑤?…加以/予以?式 这个问题将在下一章加以讨论。 This problem will be discussed in the next chapter. Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比七、静态与动态( Static vs. Dynamic ) (本节将在以后的章节具体介绍)? 英语倾向于多用名词,因而叙述呈静态? 汉语倾向于多用动词,因而叙述呈动态 Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比七、静态与动态( Static vs. Dynamic )? 英语的静态倾向表现在:1、名词化Insulin is used in the treatment of diabetes.胰岛素用于治疗糖尿病。 Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比七、静态与动态( Static vs. Dynamic )? 英语的静态倾向表现在:2、用名词表示施事者,以代替动词(大量由动词派生 的名词) He is a good eater and a good sleeper. 他能吃能睡。 Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比七、静态与动态( Static vs. Dynamic )? 英语的静态倾向表现在:3、用名词代替形容词,构成标题式短语(名词连用) space shuttle flight test program 航天飞机试飞计划 Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比七、静态与动态( Static vs. Dynamic )? 英语的静态倾向表现在:4、名词优势造成介词优势 He is at his books. 他在读书。 The machine is in operation. 机器正在运转。 Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比七、静态与动态( Static vs. Dynamic )? 英语的静态倾向表现在:5、用形容词或副词表达动词的意义You are ignorant of the duties you undertake in marrying.你完全不懂你在婚姻方面应承担的责任。 He is out. 他出去了。 Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比七、静态与动态( Static vs. Dynamic )? 汉语的动态倾向表现在:1、动词连用(连动式和兼语式句子) 他想办法摆脱了困境。(连动式) He thought his way out of the dilemma. 我们请她唱歌。(兼语式) We asked her to sing. Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比七、静态与动态( Static vs. Dynamic )? 汉语的动态倾向表现在:2、动词(词组)可以充当汉语句子的各种成分 他们喜欢乘火车旅行。(连动式词组做宾语) They enjoy traveling by train. Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比七、静态与动态( Static vs. Dynamic )? 汉语的动态倾向表现在:3、汉语动词常常重复或重叠 要吃有吃,要穿有穿。 You will have enough to eat and sufficient to put on. 说说笑笑,跑跑跳跳,孩子们过得十分愉快。 Talking and laughing, running and jumping, the children had a good time. Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比八、抽象与具体( Abstract vs. Concrete )? 英语:大量使用抽象名词 ? 汉语:以具体的形象表达抽象的内容 Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比八、抽象与具体( Abstract vs. Concrete )? 汉语用以下手段表达英语的抽象词义1)用动词取代抽象名词: His familiarity with many rarely used languages surprised us all. 他通晓多种不常使用的外国语,这使我们大家感到 很惊讶。 High blood pressure is a contraindication for this drug. 高血压患者忌服此药。 Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比八、抽象与具体( Abstract vs. Concrete )? 汉语用以下手段表达英语的抽象词义2)用范畴词使抽象概念具体化: He discussed greatness and excellence. 他探讨了伟大和接触的涵义。 3)用具体的词语阐述抽象的词义: The stars twinkled in transparent clarity. 星星在清澈的晴空中闪烁。 Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比八、抽象与具体( Abstract vs. Concrete )? 汉语用以下手段表达英语的抽象词义4)用形象性词语使抽象概念具体化: lack of perseverance 三天打鱼,两天晒网 with great eagerness 如饥似渴 await with great anxiety 望穿秋水 Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比九、间接与直接(Indirect vs. Direct )? 英语表达倾向于间接、委婉 ? 汉语表达倾向于直接、明快 ? 英语委婉语举例:1、官方委婉语: 严重的失业现象: underutilization(未充分利用人 才)或human resources underdevelopment(人力资 源未充分开发) 生活在贫困线下的穷人:the underprivileged(受到 不公正的待遇)或disadvantaged(机遇不佳) Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比九、间接与直接(Indirect vs. Direct )? 英语委婉语举例:2、职业委婉语: prison officer (=gaoler)监狱看守 sanitary engineer (=plumber)管子工 meat technologist (=butcher)屠户 Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比九、间接与直接(Indirect vs. Direct )? 英语委婉语举例:3、学校委婉语: 迟钝或呆笨的学生:unflamboyant (不浮夸) 低能儿:subnormal (智力逊常) Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比九、间接与直接(Indirect vs. Direct )? 英语含蓄举例:To my no small astonishment, I found the house on fire. 我发现房子着了火,这使我大吃一惊。 He didn’t half like that girl. 他非常喜欢那姑娘。 I couldn’t agree with you more. 我太赞成你的看法了。 Would you mind doing it? Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比十、替换与重复(Substitutive vs. Repetitive)? 英语:倾向尽量避免重复 ? 汉语:倾向于重复(重叠、反复、对偶与排比) Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比十、替换与重复(Substitutive vs. Repetitive)the following repetitions in English 1. Repetition of syllables 音节重复 Version 1:Close examination of the results of the investigation led to a reorganization of the department. Revised:Close study of the results of the inquiry led to a reorganization of the department.? Avoid Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比十、替换与重复(Substitutive vs. Repetitive)the following repetitions in English 2. Repetition of words 词语重复 Version 1:We listened to an account of the customs of the inhabitants of the village. Revised:We listened to an account of the villagers’ customs.? Avoid Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比十、替换与重复(Substitutive vs. Repetitive)the following repetitions in English 3. Repetition of sentence patterns 句式重复 Version 1:Now is the time for everyone to come out to vote, for everything depends upon this election. All are against corruption, and so they should vote the Reform ticket. This is not a foolish thing, for the voters can elect anyone they want. But the people must turn out heavily, for if they do there is little doubt that they will elect the men they want. Revised:Everybody should turn out to vote in this election, for the triumph of the Reform party means the end of the corruption in office. If the voters will only come to the polls in large enough numbers, they can surely elect the men they wish to see in power.? Avoid Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比十、替换与重复(Substitutive vs. Repetitive)? Avoidthe following repetitions in English4. Semantic repetition 意义重复Version 1:He asked the divisions to give their mutual cooperation to the project. Revised:He asked the divisions to cooperate on this project. exactly identical entirely complete Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比十、替换与重复(Substitutive vs. Repetitive)? 英语宜尽量采用替代、省略或变换来避免无意图的重复 1、Substitution 替代 英译汉不如英译法容易。 Translation from English into Chinese is not so easy as that from English into French. 你不愿意落后,她也不愿意落后。 You don’t want to leg behind, neither does she. 人们认为美国队将赢得这场足球赛,彼得也是这样想的。 People believe that the American team will win the football game. Peter thinks so. Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比十、替换与重复(Substitutive vs. Repetitive)? Omission省略野心不仅是罪恶的根源,也是毁灭的根源。 Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil. 他的工作是洗桌子和漆桌子。 He was to wash and paint tables. Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比十、替换与重复(Substitutive vs. Repetitive)? Variation变换用同义词替代: 例如:Mrs. Thatcher, she, the Prime Minister, the iron lady, the leader of the Conservative Party, the first women Prime Minister 用近义词替代: 例如:the furniture??table the animal ??horse Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比十、替换与重复(Substitutive vs. Repetitive)More examples: 不懂就是不懂,不要装懂。 We must not pretend to know when we don’t know. 他说他的,我干我的。 Let h I’ll just get on with my work. 火车上看书的看书,聊天的聊天。 On the train some were reading and some chatting. Ⅱ. 通过比较研究和翻译批评提高实际能力1、Language Sensibility 语言感知能力 ?increase X times? ?increase by X times? ?increase to X times? ?increase X-fold? ?increase by a factor of X? ?增加到X倍?或?增加了X-1倍? ? The output of coal has been increased 3. 5 times since 1982. 煤产量比1982 年增长了两倍半。 ? The annual total of telephone calls between the UK and Canada has increased seven times. 英国和加拿大之间的年通话总量增长了6 倍。 ?reduce/decrease X times? ?reduce/decrease by X times? ?reduce/decrease by a factor of X? ?reduce/decrease X times as many (much) as? ?X-fold reduction? ?X times less than? ?减少/下降到原来的1/X?或?减少/下降了1-1/X? ? The new equipment will reduce the error probability seven times. *新设备的误差概率将减小7倍。 新设备的误差概率将减小到原来的1/7 (或:降低了6/7) 。 ? By adopting the new process of production the loss of metal was reduced 8.2 times. *由于采用了新生产工艺,金属耗损量比原来下降了8.2倍。 由于采用了新生产工艺,金属耗损量仅为原来的12.2%(或:下降 了87.8%) Ⅱ. 通过比较研究和翻译批评提高实际能力2、Contextual Analysis 语境分析能力 3、Logical Thinking 逻辑思维能力 ? The atom as we know is built on scientific investigations and theories. *原子,正如我们所知 ,是建立在科学的理论和探 索上的。 我们知道,原子学说是根据科研理论而建立的。 Ⅱ. 通过比较研究和翻译批评提高实际能力Practice: ? Their accent couldn't fool a native speaker. A. 他们的口音不能愚弄本地人。 B. 本地人是不会听不出他们是外乡人的。 C. 他们的口音本地人一听便知道是外乡人。 ? He bent solely upon profit. A. 他只曲身于利润之前。 B. 只有利润才便他低头。 C. 他惟利是图。 Ⅱ. 通过比较研究和翻译批评提高实际能力 Practice:(&Its an order from President Bush? &)(&这是布 什总统的命令。&) I don’t care if it is from bush, tree, or grass.& A. ?我不在意它来自灌木、树木还是草。& B. &我不在乎它来自布什、树木还是草。& C. &管它什么布什、布头、布片呢,与我无关。&? 第三讲 Diction 遣词用字一、教学重点:1.语境在翻译中的重要性 2.英汉词字层次对等关系 3.词义的选择和引申二、教学内容:1.英汉词字层次对等关系 2.英语词义辨析法 3.词义的选择 4.词义的引申 Ⅰ. Correspondence between English and Chinese at Word Level 英汉词字层次对等关系1、Word-for-Word Correspondence ? Marxism = 马克思主义 ? Aspirin = 阿斯匹林 ? 激光= laser ? 白血病= leukemia 2、One Word with Multiple Equivalents of the Same Meaning ? wife: 妻子、爱人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳妇、堂 客、内人… ? 人: human being, man, people, person ... Ⅰ. Correspondence between English and Chinese at Word Level 英汉词字层次对等关系 3、One Word with Several Equivalents of Different Meanings ? cousin: 堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、 表弟、表姐、表妹、卿… ? president:总统、总裁、主席、董事长、 议长、会长、社长、校长… ? 羊:sheep, goat, ram, ewe, lamb… Ⅰ. Correspondence between English and Chinese at Word Level 英汉词字层次对等关系 4、 Equivalents Interwoven with One Another Ⅰ. Correspondence between English and Chinese at Word Level 英汉词字层次对等关系5、Words without Equivalents ? teenager: 13 至19 岁的青少年 ? clock-watcher: 老是看钟等下班的人 ? 阴: yin (in Chinese thought) the soft, inactive, female principle or force in the world ? Dink=double income no kids 丁克家族 ? 文房四宝:the four treasures of the study (writing brush, ink-stick, ink-stone and paper) ? 乌纱帽:an official post ? 糖葫芦:Tanghulu, a sugar-coated fruit on the stick which is a kind of children’s favorite food in winter Ⅱ. Methods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of an English Word 英语词义辨析法1、Judging from the Word Formation ? parabiospheric para-( outside) +bio-( biologic) + spheric (having the form of a sphere) 外生物层的 ? pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis pneumono ( of lung) + ultra ( beyond) + micro (very small) + scopic (of viewing or observing) + silico( of silicon) + volcano (of volcano) + coni( koni, of dust) + osis (forming the name of a disease) 硅酸盐沉着病,肺尘病 Ⅱ. Methods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of an English Word 英语词义辨析法2、Judging from the References 1) t indefinite pronouns: some, any, each, definite pronouns:much, many, few, little, etc. He (father) sent John to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself . 他送约翰上大学,巴望能让儿子出类拔莽。 Ⅱ. Methods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of an English Word 英语词义辨析法2、Judging from the References 2) demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, demonstrative adverbs: here, there, now, then, etc. Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that. 健康比财富更重要,因为财富不能像健康那样 给人那么多幸福。 Ⅱ. Methods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of an English Word 英语词义辨析法2、Judging from the References 3) references of comparison I white shirts suit me but gray is the most preferable. 我讨厌穿蓝衬衫,喜欢穿白衬衫,而最喜欢穿灰 衬衫. 3、Judging from the Context and Collocation ? His plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after takeoff. (发生故障) ? Inspired by these ideas, in 1752 Franklin developed a practical lightning rod. ( 研制避雷针) ? Most of the money came from selling the secret of a new type of potato he had developed. (培育新品种) ? Several attempts have been made through the years to develop the deposit. (开采矿床) 4、Judging from Different Branches of Learning and Specialties ? ?base?: ?词根? in lexicology ?本金? in business ?底涂? in painting ?基线? in survey ?根据地? in military science The lathe should be set on a firm base.车床应安装在 坚实的底座上。(机械) AB is the base of the triangle ABC. AB线是三角 形 ABC的底边。 ( 数学) He is on the second base. 他在二垒。(体育) Ⅲ. Diction 词义的选择一词多类:一个词往往属于几个词类,具有几个不 同的意义。 ? 一词多义:同一个词在同一个词类中,又往往有几 个不同的词义。 ? 选择和确定词义通常从以下几个方面着手: 1. 根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义 ? L unlike charges attract. 相同的电荷相斥,不同的电荷相吸。 ? Like knows like. 英雄识英雄。(名词)? 2. 根据上下文以及词在句子中的搭配关系来选择和确 定词义 ? He is the last man to come. 他是最后来的。 ? He is the last man to do it. 他绝对不会干那件事。 ? He is the last person for such a job. 他最不配干这个工作。 ? He should be the last (man) to blame. 怎么也不该怪他。 ? This is the last place where I expected to meet you. 我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。 Ⅲ. Diction 词义的选择? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??soft music soft wood soft hat soft answer soft heart soft fire soft words soft drink soft light soft goods soft cushion soft breeze? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?轻柔的音乐 软木 呢帽 委婉的回答 易感动的心 文火 和蔼的话 不含酒精的饮料 柔和的灯光 毛织品 靠垫 和风 Ⅲ. Diction 词义的选择??? ??? ? ? ?light music light loss light step light heart light car light outfit light work light manner light voice? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?轻音乐 轻微的损失 轻快的脚步 轻松的心情 轻便的轿车 轻巧的装备 轻松的工作 轻浮的举止 轻柔的声音 Ⅳ. 词义的引申将词义作抽象化的引伸 1、将表示具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的属性的词 ? There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 帝国主义者的性格既残暴,又狡猾。 这里把tiger(老虎)和ape(猿)这两个具体形象引伸为这 两个形象所代表的属性:?残暴?和?狡猾?。 ? Every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有甜和苦。 这里把roses(玫瑰)和thorns(刺)这两个具体形象引伸 为这两个形象所代表的属性:?甜?和?苦?。? 2、将带有特征性形象的词译为该形象所代表的概念的词 ? In fact the Bavarian environment was so charged with Nazi sentiment throughout the 1920s that Hitler's storm troops goose-stepped into power in Furt in 1930. 事实上,在整个二十年代,纳粹党在巴伐利亚一带已博得 公众的好感,以至于在一九三O年,希特勒的冲锋队员就 耀武扬威地夺取了菲尔特镇的权力。 To goosestep 是从名词Goosestep(鹅步;正步)转化来的 动词,本作?鹅步走?或?正步走?解,这里goosestepped into根据例句上下文引伸为?耀武扬威地夺取?。 ? See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous ,the news for the next four weeks was never distinct. 在那以后的四个星期内,消息时而部分有所好转,时而又 有点不妙,两种情况不断地交替出现,一直没有明朗化。 see-sawing是从see-saw(跷跷板)转化而来的动词,本作 ?玩跷跷板?解,这里根据上下文引伸为?两种情况不断 地交替出现?。 将词义作具体化的引伸 1、英语中也有用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示一 种具体事物,译成汉语时一般可作具体化引伸。 ? As the Politburo gave the go-ahead to Brezhnev, Nixon and Kissinger were meeting in the President's Kremlin apartment, prepared to accept a setback on SALT. 在政治局向勃列日涅夫开放绿灯时, 尼克松和基 辛格正在克里姆林宫的总统下榻处开会,准备承 受限制战略武器会谈失败的挫折。 ? Vietnam was his entree to the new Administration, his third incarnation as foreign policy consultant. 越南战争成了他进入新政府的敲门砖。他担任政 府的对外政策顾问,那是第三次了。? Practice:It was a girl with good manners. 这是一位举止得体的姑娘。 ? These were all labeled as good eggs. 这些都被标为新鲜的鸡蛋。 ? Dogs are often regarded as man’s good friends. 狗经常被认为是人们的忠实朋友。 ? She is a good Christian, a good parent, a good wife, a good daughter and a good teacher. 她是一个虔诚的基督徒,一个慈爱的母亲,一个贤 良的妻子,一个孝顺的女儿,一个合格的教师。? 老战士 老领导 老师傅 老闰女 老黄牛(比喻勤勤恳恳 做事而又不计名利的 人) 老芹菜 老皇历 老生常谈a veteran a senior leader a master craftsman the youngest daughter a willing ox (diligent and conscientious person) overgrown celery last year’ calendar commonplace 申请书 报告书 协议书 成绩通知书 (使用)说明书 成交确认书 电视机使用说明书 白皮书 家书Letter of Application Report Agreement Grade Report Directions Sales Confirmation Television Operation Guide White Book a Letter from Home 密码 ? 口水 ? 救火 ? 洗牌??*Secret code? ??大片 ? ? 早恋 ? ? 青春痘 ? ? 方便面 ? ? 隐形眼镜 ? ? 流动资金 ? ? 买一赠一??Password *Mouth water ? Saliva *To save a fire ? To fight a fire *To wash the playing? To shuffle the playing cards cards *Big movie ? Blockbuster *Early love ? Puppy love *Youth spot ? Acne *Convenient noodles ? Instant noodles *Invisible glasses ? Contact lenses *Circulating funds ? Working capital *Buy one, present one Buy one and get one ? free? 酸奶 ? 绿豆 食言?? ? ???戴绿帽黄色书籍???*sour milk (酸牛奶) *green bean (四季 豆) *to eat one’s words (承认自己说错话) *have/wear a green bonnet (生意失败/破 产) *yellow book? ?Yoghurt mung bean break one’s promise/word be a cuckold dirty/adult book??? 炉子着得很旺。 The fire is burning briskly in the stove. 她着凉了。 She has caught cold. 上不着天,下不着地。 Be suspended in mid air. 你猜着了。 You’ve guessed right. 老李躺下就着了。 Lao Li fell asleep as soon as he lay down. 他走错了一着。 He has made a false move.(or:taken a wrong step) 这些孩子穿着整齐。 These children are all neatly dressed. 学习知识 学习技术 学习外语 学习成绩 学习别人的长处 互相学习 以雷锋为学习的榜样 他的英语水平比我高 把军政素质搞到一个 新水平 各级领导干部必须高 领导水平acquire knowledge master a skill study a foreign language academic records emulate other’s strong points learn from each other follow the example of Lei Feng He knows more English than I do. Raise the military and political quality to a new height. Leaders of various ranks must improve their art of leadership. 第三讲 Amplification 增词法一、教学重点:1.适当增添的必要性 2.增词法在英汉互译中的运用二、教学内容:1.增词法在英汉翻译中的运用 2.增词法在汉英翻译中的运用 增词法增词法DD在译文中增加一些原文字 面上没有的词语。增词不增义,所增 之词,其意义虽然在原文字面上没有 清楚地表现出来,却隐藏在原文中。 ?英汉两种语言由于表达方式不尽相同,有些 词在英语中可以省略而不会影响全句意思的完整 表达,但译成汉语后就可能出现意思不够明确的 语言现象,在这种情况下,就需要使用增词译法, 使译文既能忠实地传达原文的内容和风格,又能 符合译入语的表达习惯。采用增词法应特别注意 的一点是:增词不增意。所增加的词汇,其意义 虽然在原文字面上没有清楚表现出来,但是却隐 藏在原文之中,所以增词法仍然遵循着忠实的原 则。 Ⅰ. Amplification in English-Chinese Translation增词法在汉英翻译中的运用搭配性增词增词法结构性增词解释性增词 搭配性增词定义搭配性增词的产生是因为英语和汉语词类不对称所致。 如汉语中存在的量词、助词和语气词等是英语中没有 的,在翻译过程中要根据情况添加。这类增词不影响 内容,主要考虑搭配习惯,故称为搭配性增词。类别? ? ? ?1)增加量词 2)增加语气词 3)增加概括词 4)增加范畴词 1)增加量词???? ???英语中没有量词,而汉语却往往要借助量词。因此翻译时 应根据汉语表达习惯恰当地增加表示其形状、特征或材料 的量词。 a car 一辆汽车 an airplane 一架飞机 a tree 一棵树 a flower 一朵花 A red sun rose slowly from the sea. 一轮红日从海面冉冉升起。 2) 增加语气词??? ? ? ?汉语中的语气助词在英语中没有相应的词类,在作品的对 话中,语气助词的使用可以表现口语的风格特点,体现说 话者的个性特征,反映说话者在特定情景下的情绪和心理 状态。 Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed health. 他们的主人切肉啊、倒酒啊、上菜啊、切面包啊、说啊、 笑啊、敬酒啊,忙个不停。 Don't take it seriously. I'm just making fun of you. 不要当真嘛,我只是开个玩笑罢了。 Something about music and a coffee break in the afternoon. 像放背景音乐啦,下午安排工间喝咖啡休息时间什么的。 3) Supplying Words of Generalization 增加概括词? ??? ??Sino-British links have multiplied―― political, commercial, educational, cultural, defense, science and technology. 中英两国在政治、商务、教育、文化、国防和科技等领域的 交往成倍地增加。 The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets. 论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的成就。 The principal functions that may be performed by vacuum tubes are rectification, amplification, oscillation, modulation, and detection. 真空管的五大主要功能是整流、放大、振荡、调制和检波。 4 ) Supplying Words to Make an Abstract Concept Clear 用范畴词使抽象概念具体化?? ?? ?He discussed greatness and excellence. 他探讨了伟大和杰出的涵义。 Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty. 氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。 This lack of resistance in very cold metals may become useful in electronic computers. 这种在甚低温金属中没有电阻的现象可能对电子计算机很有 用处。 After all preparations were made, the plane took off.一切准备工作就绪以后 ,飞机就起飞了 。 结构性增词定义?结构性增词是指为了使译文的语言结构更加完整、 通顺的增词。类别? ? ?1)结构完整(逻辑增词) 2)语法需要 3)增加连词 1) Amplification by Supplying Words Omitted in the Original & Amplification by Logical Thinking? ? ?The sports meet is scheduled for April 16. 运动会定于4月16日举行。 In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions , he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué .?晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会和观看乒乓球表演 以后 ,他还得起草最后公报。 ??????? ?Electrical charges of a similar kind repel each other and those that are dissimilar attract. 同性电荷相斥,异性电荷相吸。 Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter. 物质可以转化为能,能也可以转化为物质。 I was taught that two sides of a triangle were greater than the third. 我学过,三角形的两边之和大于第三边。 Air pressure decreases with altitude. 气压随海拔高度的增加而下降。 2)根据语法需要增词?? ? ?英语动词有时、体的变化、有语气,而汉语动词 却没有对等的表现形式,翻译时常常须增加一些 表示时体和语气的词才行。 They are leading a happy life. 他们现在过着幸福的生活。 I was, and remain, grateful for the part he played in my release.?我的获释是他成全的,对此我过去很感激,现在 仍然很感激。 ?Amplification by Supplying Words to Convey the Concept of Plurality 英语的可数名词有单复数之别, 汉语则没有。翻译时有时有必要增词以便传达这一 含义。The lion is the king of animals. 狮子是百兽之王。 I saw bubbles rising from under the water. 我看见一个个水泡从水下升起。 The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses. 连大地都震动了,仿佛万马奔腾。 T we change. 万物不变,是我们在变。? ??? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ??He stretched his legs which were scattered with scars. 他伸出双腿,露出腿上的道道伤痕。 The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley. 群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色的长影。 Note that the words ?velocity? and &speed? require explanation. 请注意, &速度&和&速率&这两个词需要解释。 3) Amplification by Supplying Necessary Connectives 增加连词?? ? ?Heated, water will change into vapor. 水如受热就会汽化。 Since air has weight, it exerts force on any object immersed in it. 因为空气具有重量 ,所以处在空气中的任何物体 都会受到空气的作用力 。 解释性增词定义?解释性增词指为使译文语义明确,根据意义上的 需要在译文中增加原文中没有的词。类别? ? ?1)解释文化背景 2)修辞和连贯 3)汉语四字结构 1)解释文化背景?The young man dressed like so pleasing a Cupid in the masquerade .这个年轻人在化装舞会上装扮成讨人喜欢的爱神 丘比特。 Instead of being Gorgon he had expected, she was young and remarkably pretty.? ??她不是并非他所预想的,那种看谁一眼就把谁变 成石头的女妖高根,而是个年轻的美人。 2)Amplification for Purposes of Rhetoric or Coherence 3)汉语四字结构 ? This printer is indeed cheap and fine. 这部打印机真是物美价廉。 ? Yes, I like Chinese food. Lots of people do these days. Sort of the fashion. 不错,我喜欢中国菜。现在很多人都喜欢中国菜,这 种情况算是有点儿赶时髦吧! ? Avoid using this computer in extreme cold heat, dust or humidity. 不要在过冷、过热、灰尘过重、湿度过大的情况下使 用此电脑。 Ⅱ. Amplification in Chinese-English Translation增词法在汉英翻译中的运用1、Adding Necessary Pronouns 代词 ? 大作收到,十分高兴。 I was very glad to have received your writing. ? 没有调查研究就没有发言权。 He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. 2、 Adding Necessary Articles 冠词 ? 我们对问题要做全面的分忻,才能解决得妥当。 We must make a comprehensive analysis of a problem before it can be properly solved. Ⅱ. Amplification in Chinese-English Translation增词法在汉英翻译中的运用3、Adding Necessary Connectives 连词 ? 虚心使人进步 ,骄傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. ? 留得青山在 ,不怕没柴烧。 So long as green hills remain, there will never be a shortage of firewood. 4、 Adding Necessary Prepositions介词 ? 咱们校门口见吧。 Let’s meet at the school gate. ? 你是白天工作还是夜间工作? Do you work in the daytime or at night? Ⅱ. Amplification in Chinese-English Translation增词法在汉英翻译中的运用5、Adding Necessary Background Words 文化背景 ? 三个臭皮匠 ,赛过诸葛亮。 Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the master mind. ? 别班门弄斧。 Don't try to show off your proficiency with the ax before Lu Ban the master carpenter. ? 这真是俗话说的 ,?旁观者清?。 It is just as the proverb goes, ?The onlooker sees most of the game.? Practice: ? His th nat logic and rhetoric able to contend. ? We won't retreat, we never have and never will. ? Oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it. ? 请把这张表填一下,填完给我。 ? 送君千里,终有一别。 ? 一个篱笆三个桩,一个好汉三个帮。 Translation: ? 读史使人明智,读诗使人灵秀,数学使人周密,科 学使人深刻,伦理使人庄重,逻辑修饰之学使人善 辩。 ? 我们不后退,我们从来没有后退过,我们将来也绝 不后退。 ? 海洋与其说是分隔了世界不如说是连接了整个世界。 ? Please fill in this form, and give it to me when you have finished. ? Although you may escort a guest a thousand miles, yet must the parting come at last. ? A fence needs the sup an able fellow needs the help of three other people. 第四讲 Omission 省略法一、教学重点:1. 省略法在英汉互译中的运用 2. 省略的主要方法技巧二、教学内容:1.省略法在英汉翻译中的运用 2.省略法在汉英翻译中的运用 省略法/减译法?指将原文中需要、而译文中又不需要的词语省去。 减译的词语应是那些在译文中保留下来反而使行 文累赘噜嗦、且不合汉语语言表达习惯的词语。 减译法和增词的原则是相同的,即不能减掉原文 的内容。所减之词,其内涵虽然在译文字面上没 有体现出来,却隐藏在一文中,所以减译法也没 有违背忠实原则。 ????因为英汉两种语言在语法、词义、修辞、逻辑和 文化方面存在着差异,将原文需要而译文显得多 余的词省去不译。 减词一般用于以下两种情况:一是从语法角度进 行减

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