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About Dr. Leaf
Dr. Caroline Leaf is a cognitive neuroscientist with a PhD in Communication Pathology. Since the early 1980s she has studied and researched the Mind-Brain connection. During her years in clinical practice as a Communication Pathologist she developed tools and processes that have transformed the lives of patients with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), learning disabilities in adults and children, Alzheimer's, autism, and emotional trauma. She has trained thousands of teachers and has worked for years in changing education in some of the worst areas of South Africa where students have suffered extreme disadvantage. Her passion is to help people see the link between science and scripture as a tangible way of controlling their thoughts and emotions, learning how to think and learn, and finding their sense of purpose in life.
Step Into Your Perfect You江西省退化生态系统修复与流域生态水文重点实验室
(江西省高等学校土壤与植物生态重点实验室)
Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Restoration of Degraded Ecosystems & Watershed Ecohydrology
段洪浪博士简介（Dr. Honglang Duan）
日 15:22&&点击：[]
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段洪浪 (Honglang Duan) 男，1984年 9月生，博士、讲师&
主要研究方向：植物生理生态学、水分生理、气体交换、全球变化生态学。
Address:&Institute of Ecology & Environmental Science, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330099, China
Tel: 2&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&E-mail: ;&
Working Experience&and Education&
Lecturer&&&&&&&&&&&&&2014-present& Institute of Ecology & Environmental Science,
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Nanchang Institute of Technology
Ph.D.(Plant sciences)&&&& Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment,
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&University of Western Sydney&
M.Sc.(Ecology)&&&&&&&&&&& South China Botanical Garden,
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Chinese Academy of Sciences&&
B.Sc.(Ecology)&&&&&& &&&&&College of Resources and Environmental Sciences,
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&China Agricultural University
Research Interests
·Water relations,plant hydraulics and gas exchange&
·Physiological, metabolic and molecular understandings of tree response to climate change
·Impacts of key global climate change factors (e.g. elevated atmospheric CO2, rising temperature, drought and heat waves) on tree responses and functions
·&UWS International Postgraduate Research Scholarships&&&&&&&&&
· CSIRO Postgraduate Studentship&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&
· HIE Higher Degree Research Candidate Top Up&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
·&HIE HDR Best Student Paper Award 2013&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Feb.2014&
·&2nd prize in HIE HDR and Honours Student &Forum for the presentation “Lethal drought stress is modified by elevated temperature but not elevated [CO2] in Eucalyptus tree seedlings”&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Jun.2013&
· 1st prize in HIE HDR and Honours Student &Forum for the presentation “What kills plants: a mechanistic understanding of the physiological basis for drought-induced mortality in Eucalyptus globulus”&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Jun.2011
Synergistic Activities
Reviewer for Tree Physiology and Plant,Cell and Environment.
Conferences
·&Invited presentation-“The interactive effects of elevated [CO2] and temperature on drought-induced tree mortality” at the
·&Oral presentation-“Elevated [CO2] and warming effects on Eucalypt response to drought” at the Ecological Society of Australia 2012 Annual Conference in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Dec. 2012)
Peer-Reviewed Publications
· Duan H, O’Grady AP, Duursma RA, Choat B, Huang G, Smith RA, Jiang Y, Tissue DT. 2015. Drought responses of two gymnosperm species with contrasting stomatal regulation strategies under elevated [CO2] and temperature. Tree Physiology DOI:10.1093/treephys/tpv047(IF=3.405)
· Huang G, Rymer PD, Duan H, Smith RA, Tissue DT. 2015. Elevated temperature is more effective than elevated [CO2] in exposing genotypic variation in Telopea speciosissima growth plasticity: implications for woody plant populations under climate change.&Global Change Biology DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12990 (IF=8.224)
· Huang W, Zhou G, Liu J,Duan H, Liu X, Fang X, Zhang D. 2014. Shifts in soil phosphorus fractions under elevated CO2and N addition in model forest ecosystems in subtropical China.Plant Ecology 215:.
· Gauthier PPG, Crous KY, Ayub G,Duan H, Ellsworth DS, Tissue DT, Tjoelker MG, Evans JR, Atkin OK. 2014. Drought increases heat tolerance of leaf respiration inEucalyptus globulussaplings grown under both ambient and elevated atmospheric [CO2] and warming.Journal of Experimental Botany 65:.(IF=5.794)
· Duan H, Duursma RA, Huang G, Smith RA, Choat B, O’Grady AP, Tissue DT. 2014. Elevated [CO2] did not ameliorate the negative effects of elevated temperature on drought-induced mortality inEucalyptus radiataseedlings.Plant,Cell and Environment 37: .(IF=5.906)(Cover photo)
· O'Carrigana A, Hinde E, Lu N, Xu X,Duan H, Huang G, Mak M, Bellotti B, Chen Z. 2014. Effects of light irradiance on stomatal regulation and growth of tomato.Environmental and Experimental Botany 98: 65-73.(IF=3.003)
· Duan H, Amthor JS, Duursma RA, O’Grady AP, Choat B, Tissue DT. 2013. Carbon dynamics of eucalypt seedlings exposed to progressive drought in elevated [CO2] and elevated temperature.Tree Physiology 33: 779-792.(IF=3.405)(Cover photo and commented by Way 2013 Tree Physiology 33:775-778)
· Liu J, Zhang D, Zhou G,Duan H. 2012. Changes in leaf nutrient traits and photosynthesis of four tree species: effects of elevated [CO2], N fertilization and canopy positions.Journal of Plant Ecology 5: 376-390. (correspondence author)(IF=2.284)
· Liu J, Xu Z, Zhang D, Zhou G, Deng Q,Duan H, Zhao L, Wang C. 2011. Effects of carbon dioxide enrichment and nitrogen addition on inorganic carbon leaching in subtropical model forest ecosystems.Ecosystems 14:683-697.
· Liu J, Zhou G, Xu Z,Duan H, Li Y, Zhang D. 2011. Photosynthesis acclimation, leaf nitrogen concentration, and growth of four tree species over 3 years in response to elevated carbon dioxide and nitrogen treatment in subtropical China.&11:.
· Deng Q, Zhou G, Liu J, Liu S,Duan H, Zhang D. 2010. Responses of soil respiration to elevated carbon dioxide and nitrogen addition in young subtropical forest ecosystems in China.&7:315-328.(IF=3.753)
· Liu J, Zhou G, Zhang Q, Xu Z,Duan H, Deng Q, Zhao L. 2010. Carbon dynamics in subtropical forest soil: effects of atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment and nitrogen addition.Journal of Soils and Sediments 10:730-738.
· 段洪浪，刘菊秀，邓 琦， 陈小梅， 张德强。。 CO2浓度升高与氮沉降对南亚热带森林生态系统植物生物量积累及分配格局的影响。植物生态学报 33: 570-579.
· 邓 琦，周国逸，刘菊秀，刘世忠，段洪浪，陈小梅，张德强。2009。CO2浓度倍增、高氮沉降和高降雨对南亚热带人工模拟森林生态系统土壤呼吸的影响。植物生态学报 33:.雅思阅读动植物类真题：Leaf-Cutting Ants and Fungus（切叶蚁和真菌）_【北纬雅思官网】北纬雅思培训中心400-600-9525
雅思阅读动植物类真题：Leaf-Cutting Ants and Fungus（切叶蚁和真菌）
The ants and their agriculture have been extensively studied over the years,
but the recent research has uncovered intriguing new findings about the
fungus they cultivate, how they domesticated it and how they cultivate it and
preserve it from pathogens ( 病原体).For example, the fungus farms, which
the ants were thought to keep free of pathogens, turn out to be vulnerable to
a devastating mold, found nowhere else but in ants& nests. To keep the mold
in check, the ants long ago made a discovery that would do credit to any
pharmaceutical laboratory.
Leaf-cutting ants and their fungus farms are a marvel of nature and perhaps the
best known example of symbiosis, the mutual dependence of two species. The
ants& achievement is remarkable --the biologist Edward O. Wilson has called it
&one of the major breakthroughs in animal evolution& --because it allows them
to eat, courtesy of their mushroom&s digestive powers, the otherwise poisoned
harvest of tropical forests whose leaves are laden with terpenoids, alkaloids
and other chemicals designed to sicken browsers.
Fungus growing seems to have originated only once in evolution, because
all gardening ants belong to a single tribe, the descendants of the first fungus
farmer. There are more than 200 known species of the attine ant tribe, divided
into 12 groups, or genera. The leaf-cutters
groups, known as the lower attines because their nests are smaller and their
techniques more primitive, feed their gardens with detritus like dead leaves,
insects and feces.
The leaf-cutters& fungus was indeed descended from a single strain, propagated
clonally, or just by budding, for at least 23 million years. But the lower attine
ants used different varieties of the fungus, and in one case a quite separate
species, the four biologists discovered.The pure strain of fungus grown by the
leaf-cutters, it seemed to Mr. Currie, resembled the monocultures of various
human crops, that are very productive for a while and then succumb to some
disastrous pathogen, such as the Irish potato blight. Monocultures, which
lack the genetic diversity to respond to changing environmental threats, are
sitting ducks for parasites. Mr. Currie felt there had to be a parasite in the antfungus
system. But a century of ant research offered no support for the idea.
Textbooks describe how leaf-cutter ants scrupulously weed their gardens of
all foreign organisms. &People kept telling me,& You know the ants keep their
gardens free of parasites, don&t you?& & Mr. Currie said of his efforts to find a
hidden interloper.
But after three years of sifting through attine ant gardens, Mr. Currie
discovered they are far from free of infections. In last month&s issue of the
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, he and two colleagues, Dr.
Mueller and David Mairoch, isolated several alien organisms, particularly a
family of parasitic molds called Escovopsis.
Escovopsis turns out to be a highly virulent pathogen that can devastate
a fungus garden in a couple of days. It blooms like a white cloud, with
the garden dimly visible underneath. In a day or two the whole garden is
enveloped. &Other ants won&t go near it and the ants associated with the garden
just starve to death,& Dr. Rehner said. &They just seem to give up, except for
those that have rescued their larvae.& The deadly mold then turns greenishbrown
as it enters its spore-forming stage.
Evidently the ants usually manage to keep Escovopsis and other parasites
under control. But with any lapse in control, or if the ants are removed,
Escovopsis will quickly burst forth. Although new leaf-cutter gardens start
off free of Escovopsis, within two years some 60 percent become infected.
The discovery of Escovopsis&s role brings a new level of understanding to the
evolution of the attine ants. &In the last decade, evolutionary biologists have
been increasingly aware of the role of parasites as driving forces in evolution,&
Dr. Schultz said. There is now a possible reason to explain why the lower attine
species keep changing the variety of fungus in their mushroom gardens, and
occasionally domesticating new ones&to stay one step ahead of the relentless
Escovopsis.
Interestingly, Mr. Currie found that the leaf-cutters had in general fewer alien
molds in their gardens than the lower attines, yet they had more Escovopsis
infections. It seems that the price they pay for cultivating a pure variety of
fungus is a higher risk from Escovopsis. But the leaf-cutters may have little
alternative: they cultivate a special variety of fungus which, unlike those
grown by the lower attines, produces nutritious swollen tips for the ants to eat.
Discovery of a third partner in the ant-fungus symbiosis raises the question of
how the attine ants, especially the leaf-cutters, keep this dangerous interloper
under control. Amazingly enough, Mr. Currie has again provided the answer.
&People have known for a hundred years that ants have a whitish growth on
the cuticle,& said Dr. Mueller, referring to the insects& body surface. &People
would say this is like a cuticular wax. But Cameron was the first one in a
hundred years to put these things under a microscope. He saw it was not
inert wax. It is alive.& Mr. Currie discovered a specialized patch on the ants&
cuticle that harbors a particular kind of bacterium, one well known to the
pharmaceutical industry, because it is the source of half the antibiotics used
in medicine. From each of 22 species of attine ant studied, Mr. Cameron and
colleagues isolated a species of Streptomyces bacterium, they reported in
Nature in April. The Streptomyces does not have much effect on ordinary
laboratory funguses. But it is a potent poisoner of Escovopsis, inhibiting its
growth and suppressing spore formation. It also stimulates growth of the ants&
mushroom fungus. The bacterium is carried by virgin queens when they leave
to establish new nests, but is not found on male ants, playboys who take no
responsibility in nest-making or gardening.
Because both the leaf-cutters and the lower attines use Streptomyces, the
bacterium may have been part of their symbiosis for almost as long as the
Escovopsis mold. If so, some Alexander Fleming of an ant discovered
antibiotics millions of years before people did. Even now, the ants are
accomplishing two feats beyond the powers of human technology. The leafcutters
are growing a monocultural crop year after year without disaster, and
they are using an antibiotic apparently so wisely and prudently that, unlike
people, they are not provoking antibiotic resistance in the target pathogen.
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