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【男人天才多，白痴也多】两位哈佛教授辩论： 男女是否有别？1.3
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210 00:16:04,840 --> 00:16:09,610 But there are at least six differences that are relevant to the datum we have been discussing. 至少有六种差异和我说的有紧密联系。 & 211 00:16:09,710 --> 00:16:16,180 The literature on these differences is so enormous that I can only touch on a fraction of it. 关于这些差异的资料很多，我只能谈一些零碎。 & 212 00:16:16,340 --> 00:16:20,550 I'll restrict my discussion to a few examples in which there are enormous data sets, 我只举几个例子， & 213 00:16:20,640 --> 00:16:24,430 or there are meta-analyses that boil down a literature. 或者说用元分析法(meta-analysis)浓缩了资料。 & 214 00:16:24,550 --> 00:16:28,850 The first difference,long noted by economists studying employment practices, 第一个差异，是研究雇佣惯性的经济学家常说的， & 215 00:16:28,980 --> 00:16:35,470 is that men and women differ in what they state are their priorities in life. 即男女差别在于他们所认为的生活中的重点。 & 216 00:16:35,560 --> 00:16:40,860 To sum it up: men,on average,are more likely to chase status at the expen 简单说：平均上男人更愿意以家庭为代价追逐地位； & 217 00:16:41,000 --> 00:16:42,950 women give a more balanced weighting. 女人则对此更慎重权衡。 & 218 00:16:43,040 --> 00:16:44,970 Once again: Think statistics! 再一次：想想这是数据。 & 219 00:16:45,070 --> 00:16:49,190 The finding is not that women value family and don't value status. 这种发现不是说女人看重家庭不重地位。 & 220 00:16:49,370 --> 00:16:51,580 It is not that men value status and don't value family. 也不是说男人看重地位不重家庭。 & 221 00:16:51,670 --> 00:16:55,940 Nor does the finding imply that every last woman has the asymmetry that women show on average or that every last man has the asymmetry that men show on average. 也不是说每个男人女人都有这种平均上的不平衡。 & 222 00:16:56,050 --> 00:16:59,550 But in large data sets,on average,an asymmetry what you find. 但从广阔的总体来看，不平衡是存在的。 & 223 00:16:59,660 --> 00:17:01,230 Just one example. 只举一个例子。 & 224 00:17:01,350 --> 00:17:04,630 In a famous long-term study of mathematically precocious youth, 在著名的对数学早慧少年的长期研究中， & 225 00:17:04,780 --> 00:17:16,690 1,975 youngsters were selected in 7th grade for being in the top 1% of ability in mathematics, 有1975名选自7年级（13岁）的学生，他们拥有前1%的数学天赋， & 226 00:17:16,800 --> 00:17:20,200 and then followed up for more than two decades. 并被跟踪观察了20多年。 & 227 00:17:20,320 --> 00:17:22,140 These men and women are certainly equally talented. 这些男生和女生当然都是智力相同的。 & 228 00:17:22,260 --> 00:17:25,750 And if anyone has ever been encouraged in math and science,these kids were. 如果有任何人在数学、科学方面被鼓励，其他人也会被鼓励。 & 229 00:17:25,870 --> 00:17:29,580 Both genders: they are equal in their levels of achievement, 他们的成就水平相同， & 230 00:17:29,670 --> 00:17:33,920 and they report being equally satisfied with the course of their lives. 对生活满意度也相同。 & 231 00:17:34,050 --> 00:17:40,940 Nonetheless there are statistical differences in what they say is important to them. 尽管如此，两性还是在一些很重要的方面有数据差异。 & 232 00:17:41,030 --> 00:17:45,400 There are a number of cases that the females rated higher than males, 有些方面女性比男性分数高， & 233 00:17:45,510 --> 00:17:50,040 such as the ability to have a part-time career for a limited time in one' 比如说在有限时间里完成一份兼职事业的能力； & 234 00:17:50,170 --> 00:17:56,440 living close to p having a meani and having strong friendships. 和亲人父母更亲近；拥有有意义的精神生活；友谊牢固。 & 235 00:17:56,560 --> 00:18:01,110 And there are some things in life that the males rated higher than the females. 也有些方面男性比女性分数高。 & 236 00:18:01,240 --> 00:18:05,430 They include
inventing o 包括拥有财富；发明或创造； & 237 00:18:05,530 --> 00:18:10,120 having a full- and being successful in one's line of work. 拥有全职事业；工作成功。 & 238 00:18:10,260 --> 00:18:14,030 It's worth noting that studies of highly successful people find that 值得注意的是，通过试验发现，高度成功的人的认为 & 239 00:18:14,150 --> 00:18:21,840 single-mindedness and competitiveness are recurring traits in geniuses (of both sexes). 专注力和竞争力是天才必备的品质（对两性都是如此）。 & 240 00:18:21,980 --> 00:18:24,980 Here is one other figure from this data set. 这里还有一张图表。 & 241 00:18:24,990 --> 00:18:30,770 As you might expect,this sample has a lot of people who like to work Herculean hours. 你会想这些样本中很多人有着魔鬼般的工作时间。 & 242 00:18:30,890 --> 00:18:35,850 Many people in this group say they would like to work 50,60,even 70 hours a week. 这组里的人会一周工作50，60甚至70小时。 & 243 00:18:35,980 --> 00:18:37,470 But there are also slight differences. 但这里也有微妙的差异。 & 244 00:18:37,600 --> 00:18:44,950 At each one of these high numbers of hours,there are slightly more men than women who want to work that much. 在每组的高工作时间里，男性数量也略高于女性。 & 245 00:18:45,100 --> 00:18:47,790 That is,more men than women don't care about whether they have a life. 即男人比女人更忽略过日子的事。 & 246 00:18:47,890 --> 00:18:51,570 Second,interest in people versus things and abstract rule systems. 第二，对人、事物和抽象规律系统的兴趣。 & 247 00:18:51,710 --> 00:18:54,400 There is a staggering amount of data on this trait, 有数量惊人的资料说明这种素质。 & 248 00:18:54,660 --> 00:19:00,520 because there is an whole field that studies people's vocational interests. 因为有专门研究人职业兴趣的领域。 & 249 00:19:00,670 --> 00:19:05,270 I bet most of the people in this room have taken one of those tests at some point in their lives. 我打赌这里的大部分人迟早都会做职业兴趣测试。 & 250 00:19:05,380 --> 00:19:07,660 And this field has documented that 该领域研究说明， & 251 00:19:07,830 --> 00:19:11,600 there are consistent differences in the kinds of activities that appeal to men and women in their ideal jobs. 男性和女性一直都对理想职业的倾向不同。 & 252 00:19:11,720 --> 00:19:18,200 I'll just discuss one of them: the desire to work with people versus things. 我就说一点：探究人与物质的欲望。 & 253 00:19:18,330 --> 00:19:24,720 There is an enormous average difference between women and men in this dimension,about one standard deviation. 在有一定偏差的前提下，两性有巨大差异。 & 254 00:19:24,860 --> 00:19:32,830 And this difference in interests will tend to cause people to gravitate in slightly different directions in their choice of career. 该欲望差异会导致人们选择事业方向的差异。 & 255 00:19:32,950 --> 00:19:38,580 The occupation that fits best with the "people" end of the continuum is "director of a community services organization." 最适合和"人"打交道的人的职业是"社区服务组织的主席"。 & 256 00:19:38,710 --> 00:19:46,550 The occupations that fit best with the "things" end are physicist,chemist,mathematician,computer programmer,and biologist. 最适合和"事物"打交道的人的职业是物理学家、化学家、数学家、电脑编程员和生物学家。 & 257 00:19:46,700 --> 00:19:51,910 We see this consequence not only in the choice of whether to go into science, 我们看到它不仅影响人们是否从事科学， & 258 00:19:52,080 --> 00:19:55,860 but also in the choice which branch of science the two sexes tend to go into. 也影响着两性偏好的学科类别。 & 259 00:19:55,990 --> 00:19:58,460 Needless to say,from 1970 to 2002 不用说，自年 & 260 00:19:58,590 --> 00:20:04,240 there was a huge increase in the percentage of university degrees awarded to women. 女性获学位的比例大增。 & 261 00:20:04,340 --> 00:20:05,670 Among the Ph.Ds in 2001,for example, 比如说2001年的博士学位， & 262 00:20:05,780 --> 00:20:13,420 in education 65% of the doct 教育学位65% 都颁给了女性； & 263 00:20:13,540 --> 00:20:17,660 in the social sciences,54%; in the life sciences,47%; 社会学，54%；生命学，47%； & 264 00:20:17,760 --> 00:20:21,160 in the physical sciences,26%; in engineering,17%. 物理学26%；工程学17%。 & 265 00:20:21,300 --> 00:20:27,000 This is perfectly predictable by the continum between people and living things,and inanimate objects. 这也很好解释了从人到生物，再到无生命物质的连续变化。 & 266 00:20:27,130 --> 00:20:33,100 And the pattern is pretty much the same in 1980 and 2001,despite the change in absolute numbers. 1980年和2001年的模式也是类似的，尽管绝对数据会有变化。 & 267 00:20:33,200 --> 00:20:35,220 Third,risk. 第三，冒险。 & 268 00:20:35,340 --> 00:20:38,200 Men are by far the more reckless sex. 男性显然是更易冒险的。 & 269 00:20:38,310 --> 00:20:49,590 In a large meta-analysis involving 150 studies and 100,000 participants,in 14 out of 16 categories of risk-taking,men were over-represented. 通过元分析150种实验和10万参加者，男性在冒险的16个种类中的14种占绝对优势。 & 270 00:20:49,730 --> 00:20:52,700 The two sexes were equally represented in the other two categories, 另外2种则是两性平分秋色， & 271 00:20:52,830 --> 00:20:55,310 one of which was smoking,for obvious reasons. 其中一种是吸烟，有些明显的原因。 & 272 00:20:55,430 --> 00:21:02,170 And two of the largest sex differences were in "intellectual risk taking" and "participation in a risky experiment." 最大的差别是在"智力冒险"和"参与风险实验"这两项。 & 273 00:21:02,290 --> 00:21:04,220 We see this sex difference in everyday life, 我们每天看到这些两性差异， & 274 00:21:04,440 --> 00:21:12,250 in particular,in the following category: the Darwin Awards, 特别是接下来这一种：达尔文奖（半开玩笑性质的奖项，表彰通过“离奇而愚蠢的方法”死亡和失去生殖能力的倒霉蛋，因而间接改善了人类基因库。） & 275 00:21:12,360 --> 00:21:20,380 "commemorating those individuals who ensure the long-term survival of our species by removing themselves from the gene pool in a sublimely idiotic fashion." "纪念那些为了人类的长久生存，将自己移出基因池而做出无比高尚的蠢事的人。" & 276 00:21:20,490 --> 00:21:24,620 Virtually all — perhaps all — of the winners are men. 实际上，几乎全部的获奖者都是男性。 & 277 00:21:24,800 --> 00:21:27,510 Fourth,three-dimensional mental transformations: 第四，三维思维转换： & 278 00:21:27,630 --> 00:21:34,330 the ability to determine whether the drawings in each of these pairs the same 3-dimensional shape. 即判断几对相同三维图形的能力。 & 279 00:21:34,470 --> 00:21:38,590 Again I'll appeal to a meta-analysis, 我再次使用元分析法， & 280 00:21:38,750 --> 00:21:41,950 this one containing 286 data sets and 100,000 subjects. 此次有286套资料和十万课题。 & 281 00:21:42,090 --> 00:21:42,910 The authors conclude, 作者总结道， & 282 00:21:43,030 --> 00:21:48,960 "we have specified a number of tests that show highly significant sex differences that are stable across age,at least after puberty, "我们指定的大量测试显示，重要的性别差异在年龄上，至少是在青春期后，十分稳定， & 283 00:21:49,080 --> 00:21:51,900 and have not decreased in recent years." 并且近年来也未减少。" & 284 00:21:52,030 --> 00:21:58,780 Now,as I mentioned,for some kinds of spatial ability,the advantage goes to women, 就像我说过的，一些空间能力上女性更占优势， & 285 00:21:58,880 --> 00:22:07,420 but in "mental rotation,"spatial perception," and "spatial visualization" the advantage goes to men. 但男性在"心理旋转"，"空间感"和"空间形象化"上更具优势。 & 286 00:22:07,530 --> 00:22:09,960 Now,does this have any relevance to scientific achievement? 那么这些能力和科研成就相关吗？ & 287 00:22:10,110 --> 00:22:14,440 We don't know for sure,but there's some reason to think that it does. 我们不能肯定，但可以证明的确如此。 & 288 00:22:14,560 --> 00:22:20,150 In psychometric studies,three-dimensional spatial visualization is correlated with mathematical problem-solving. 在心理测试中，三维空间形象化是和数学能力相关的。 & 289 00:22:20,300 --> 00:22:29,040 And mental manipulation of objects in three dimensions figures prominently in the memoirs and introspections of most creative physicists and chemists, 且在最富创造力的物理学家和化学家的传记、反思里，都提到了在三维空间中用精神控制目标的重要性， & 290 00:22:29,140 --> 00:22:32,820 including Faraday,Maxwell,Tesla,Kekulé,and Lawrence, 包括法拉第，麦克斯韦，特斯拉，凯库勒和劳伦斯。 & 291 00:22:32,960 --> 00:22:39,210 all of whom claim to have hit upon their discoveries by dynamic visual imagery 他们都声称发现的灵感源自动态视觉想象， & 292 00:22:39,330 --> 00:22:41,890 and only later set them down in equations. 然后以方程式记录下他们的想象。 & 293 00:22:41,990 --> 00:22:43,230 A typical introspection is the following: 一个典型的回忆是这样的： & 294 00:22:43,340 --> 00:22:52,850 "The psychical entities which seem to serve as elements in thought are certain signs and more or less clear images which can be 'voluntarily' reproduced and combined. "那些被看做是思维闪光的精神实体是确信的信号，或者是'自找上门'的复制、组合的清晰图景。 & 295 00:22:52,970 --> 00:23:02,180 This combinatory play seems to be the essential feature in productive thought–before there is any connection with logical construction in words or other kinds of signs" 这种组合演绎是智慧思维的基本特征——比语言的逻辑构建和其他信号更重要。" & 296 00:23:02,300 --> 00:23:05,750 The quote comes from this fairly well-known physicist. 引自这位著名的物理学家。 & 297 00:23:05,890 --> 00:23:08,080 Fifth,mathematical reasoning. 第五，数学论证。 & 298 00:23:08,210 --> 00:23:10,880 Girls and women get better school grades in mathematics 近来女生在学校的数学成绩提高了， & 299 00:23:11,010 --> 00:23:13,450 and pretty much everything else these days. 在其他领域也如此。 & 300 00:23:13,550 --> 00:23:17,300 And women are better at mathematical calculation. 女人更擅长数学计算。 & 301 00:23:17,420 --> 00:23:26,130 But consistently,men score at least statistically better on mathematical word problems and on tests of mathematical reasoning. 但男人长期在数据上更擅长数学应用题和数学论证。 & 302 00:23:26,270 --> 00:23:30,010 Again,here is a meta analysis,with 254 data sets and 3 million subjects. 经过元分析254套资料和3百万课题。 & 303 00:23:30,130 --> 00:23:32,830 It shows no significant dif 显示童年时期男女差别不大， & 304 00:23:32,940 --> 00:23:36,260 this is a difference that emerges around puberty 该差别大约在青春期时开始显现， & 305 00:23:36,260 --> 00:23:42,410 But there are sizable differences in adolescence and adulthood,especially in high-end samples. 并且在随后差别巨大，特别是在高层案例里。 & 306 00:23:42,560 --> 00:23:51,350 Here is an example of the average SAT mathematical scores,showing a 40-point difference in favor of men 这是SAT数学考试平均成绩，显示男性有40分的优势， & 307 00:23:51,460 --> 00:23:55,300 that's pretty much consistent from 1972 to 1997. 从1972年持续到1997年。 & 308 00:23:55,410 --> 00:23:58,220 In the Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth 在"数学早慧少年"的研究中， & 309 00:23:58,330 --> 00:24:06,740 in which 7th graders were given the SAT,which of course ordinarily is administered only to older,college-bound kids, 这些7年级生参与了SAT考试，当然是大学水平的测试， & 310 00:24:06,840 --> 00:24:12,800 the ratio of those scoring over 700 is 2.8 to 1 male to female. 超过700分人的男女比例是2.8:1。 & 311 00:24:12,920 --> 00:24:21,720 Admittedly,and interestingly,that's down from 25 years ago,when the ratio was 13-to1,and perhaps we can discuss some of the reasons. 不可否认而且有趣的是，比例相比25年前的13:1下降了,也许我们稍后可以讨论下原因。 & 312 00:24:21,830 --> 00:24:27,650 At the 760 cutoff,the ratio nowadays is 7 males to 1 female. 在760分数段上，男女比例是7:1。 & 313 00:24:27,800 --> 00:24:31,040 Now why is there a discrepancy with grades? 为何会有这种分数差异呢？ & 314 00:24:31,380 --> 00:24:35,470 Do SATs and other tests of mathematical reasoning underpredict grades, 是SAT和其他数学论证测试低估了分数, & 315 00:24:35,580 --> 00:24:39,450 or do grades overpredict high-end aptitude? 还是分数高估了的能力？ & 316 00:24:39,580 --> 00:24:43,860 At the Radical Forum,Liz was completely explicit in which side she takes,saying that 在左派论坛上，Liz完全坚持她的立场，并说: & 317 00:24:43,980 --> 00:24:47,460 "the tests are no good," unquote. "这些测试都不好"。 & 318 00:24:47,580 --> 00:24:52,340 But if the tests are really so useless,why does every major graduate program in science still use them — 但如果这些测试真的都如此无用，那为何每个学科的学生录取仍然使用它们， & 319 00:24:52,510 --> 00:25:00,800 including the very departments at Harvard and MIT in which Liz and I have selected our own graduate students by looking at GRE score if they're so useless? 甚至我和 Liz在哈佛和麻省时选学生都要看GRE分数？ & 320 00:25:00,900 --> 00:25:06,860 I think the reason is that school grades are affected by homework 我认为原因是分数受作业 & 321 00:25:06,970 --> 00:25:10,900 and by the ability to solve the kinds of problems that have already been presented in lecture and textbooks. 和教科书、演讲里解题方法的影响, & 322 00:25:11,010 --> 00:25:18,620 Whereas the aptitude tests are designed to test the application of mathematical knowledge to unfamiliar problems. 然而天资测试却测的是将数学知识运用到解决陌生问题中。 & 323 00:25:18,750 --> 00:25:23,460 And this,of course,is closer to the way that math is used in actually doing math and science. 当然这要更接近数学和科学研究的现状。 & 324 00:25:23,640 --> 00:25:26,590 In fact,contrary to Liz, 实际上和Liz相反， & 325 00:25:26,720 --> 00:25:31,680 and the popular opinion of many intellectuals,the tests are surprisingly good. 许多知识分子都认为这些测试很好。 & 326 00:25:31,790 --> 00:25:36,990 There is an enormous amount of data on the predictive power of the SAT. 也有很多资料证明SAT的预见力。 & 327 00:25:37,100 --> 00:25:44,320 For example,people in science careers overwhelmingly scored in 90th percentile in the SAT or GRE math test. 比如说，科学领域的人都有超过90%人的SAT或GRE分数。 & 328 00:25:44,470 --> 00:25:49,890 And the tests predict earnings,occupational choice,doctoral degrees,the prestige of one's degree, 这些测试也预测了薪金、职业选择、学位、名望、 & 329 00:25:50,040 --> 00:25:54,790 the probability of having a tenure-track position,and the number of patents. 获终生职位的可能性，专利数量。 & 330 00:25:54,940 --> 00:25:58,310 Moreover this predictive power is the same for men and for women. 还有这种预见力是对男女同效的。 & 331 00:25:58,430 --> 00:26:08,320 As for why there is that underprediction of grades — a slight under-prediction,one-tenth of a standard deviation in undergraduate grades 至于为何会有一点分数的低估，大约十分之一的误差， & 332 00:26:08,450 --> 00:26:10,230 — the Educational Testing Service did a study on that phenomenon, 考试教育服务中心为此做过研究， & 333 00:26:10,360 --> 00:26:18,710 and were able to explain the mystery by a combination of the choice of major,which differs between the sexes,and the greater conscientiousness of women. 这个现象可以由两性不同的学科选择和女性更强的责任感解释。
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帖子3&经验43 &积分43 &最后登录&
天赋重要还是勤奋重要？
帖子3&经验43 &积分43 &最后登录&
都重要，但一定要选一个。
帖子40&经验961 &积分961 &最后登录&
天赋重要还是勤奋重要？
帖子40&经验961 &积分961 &最后登录&
天赋重要还是勤奋重要？
帖子40&经验961 &积分961 &最后登录&
天赋重要还是勤奋重要？
帖子225&经验512 &积分512 &最后登录&
天赋是父母给的，勤奋是自己努力，还是勤奋重要些。
帖子225&经验512 &积分512 &最后登录&
天赋是父母给的，勤奋是自己努力，还是勤奋重要些。
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