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走向更广阔的天地　 目标与决心决定人生，他们朝着自己的目标，挥洒汗水，坚定前行，在更广阔的舞台上续写青春。他们是一部分福大毕业生的缩影，走近他们，一同感受他们奋斗的青春。王硕目标与决心决定人生人物名片　　王硕，福州大学2011级金融学专业。决定留学后，大一至大四完成绩点从1.7至3.3的跨越，在此期间获得学习进步奖学金直至学院三等奖学金，成功收到悉尼大学、墨尔本大学和澳大利亚国立大学等学校的录取通知书，最终被录取为澳大利亚国立大学研究生。　　 “金融行业，文凭决定起点。”最初步入大学，选择了金融这条路后，王硕就怀着考研的斗志，不断拼搏着；然而，这样的想法却在一年以后改变，他决定改考研为出国。　　出国留学意味着各种未知的困难，这需要有足够的勇气和毅力坚持下去。王硕坦言，大学期间为了提升绩点，学习过程真的很累。”　　除此之外，雅思、托福、GMAT等等相关考试，他都在用大学的假期不断地做着准备。艰辛的准备过程中，即使再累，他也从来没有放弃过。现在的他，已经是澳大利亚国立大学金融专业的硕士生，他完成了自己的逆袭，“目标和决心真的很重要，它们决定了你在人生之路上可以走多远。 王硕觉得自己不算成功，但是在他的拼搏历程中，他深深地明白，目标和决心，是一个人奋斗的不懈动力。“希望大家能有一个明确的目标，在自己的人生之路上越走越远。”林祎倾心食品工程，放飞远洋出国梦人物名片　　林祎。福州大学2011级食品工程专业本科毕业生。在今年以优异的成绩考上新加坡国立大学食品工程专业的研究生。她性格开朗，求学严谨，为圆自己的留学梦，不断努力奋进。希望在功能性食品上有所作为的她，已经开始展望全新的未来了。　　“食品工程是我最为倾心的专业。”在开始访谈之前，林祎就表明了自己对于自身专业强烈的认可。正是凭借着一番对于自己专业的热爱，使她不断进行深入的研究。　　“我打算去新加坡继续深造”，林祎表示，出国留学一直就是她的梦想。而她最终选择新加坡的原因，除了受到其导师的影响之外，更重要的是为了进一步了解同一学科在不同国家的不同研究模式。　　Liberty is not easy, but far better to be an unfettered fox, hungry and threatened on its hill, than a well-fed canary, safe and secure in its cage.这便是林祎的座右铭。“在生活中，就是要不停地追逐自己的梦想。”回首这四年的大学时光，是梦想、勇敢和坚持最终战胜了一切，成就了她名校的梦想。而她，也将在食品工程的研究道路上慢慢成长……赵代博明确选择，坚定前行人物名片　　赵代博，福州大学2011级经管学院行政管理专业毕业生。不同于同学们纷纷投身工作，赵代博即将在北京大学展开新的一段学习旅程。考北京大学的社会保障专业的研究生是赵代博大学毕业前的选择，最终他也实现了这一目标。　　高中时读理科的赵代博，在报考院校时的第一志愿是材料学院的专业，但却被调剂到公共管理专业，“最初很不习惯，也很不喜欢。”赵代博如此形容他当初的心情。然而经过大一对专业的了解，他对这一学科的排斥感逐渐减少，对开设的某些课程也比较喜欢，所以在大二分专业时选择了行政管理。“因为我出身农村，对于贫困人群接触很多，对他们的现状也比较了解，而社会保障学正是研究如何改善贫困人口现状的科学，所以，在之后的学习中，我开始以社会保障学为主。”这也是他最终选择社会保障专业作为考研目标的主要原因。“并且我认为，考研一方面可以通过努力让贫困人群的生活有所改善，另一方面也可以改善自己的生活状态。”　　实现考研目标的道路上最重要的是正确的选择和不懈的坚持。“考研坚定了我对于通过自己努力改变生活现状的人生态度，也让我坚信自己有潜力去改变自己的生活。”谢菲留学路上，痛并快乐着人物名片　　谢菲，福州大学2011级应用心理学专业的学生，在校期间曾担任心理学社编辑部副部长，如今成功成为一名伦敦大学国王学院的留学生。其在校期间也获得诸多荣誉，如校优秀共青团员，院三好学生，并在学校首届用户体验设计大赛中荣获三等奖。　　“我是大二的时候才开始打算出国留学的，当时就决定去英国。”谢菲表示，一方面是因为想出去历练，毕竟是独自一人在一个全新的环境里学会生存；另一方面则是专业方面的问题，“我个人非常喜欢心理学，想继续深造，学的更深更精。而英国的硕士强度很高，一年完成课业加科研，在收获同样东西的前提下，我愿意用强度来换取更多的时间，况且先到英国读研，以后继续读博士也可以到其他国家。”　　出国留学并不是一件很容易的事，它不仅对一个人的综合素质有很高的要求，更考验一个人的意志力。“对我来说，这是一场持久战！虽然有过动摇的时候，但从来没有想过放弃。”虽然有人因为时间怀疑她，他们认为仅仅一年的时间不足以成功。“但仔细想想，有心的人因为一句话的教导就可以恍然大悟，无心向学的人四年的大学时光也只是白白浪费，所以，我会为我自己证明是不是有价值。”成功的背后定有千倍万倍的付出，这其中的酸甜苦辣或许只有她自己知道。　　对于毕业，谢菲不免有些感慨，“每个人都是一个小世界，和大家在一起的大学四年的时光，经历了很多以前没有过的风景，也在不知不觉中成长，可以包容更多的不同的观点和习惯，这是一种宝贵的收获，很感谢大家，希望大家今后都能过着自己理想中的生活。”邹洋灵魂和身体总有一个在路上人物名片　　邹洋，福州大学2011级经管学院毕业生，考取清华大学研究生，攻读马克思主义理论。　　“我可以用马克思主义指导你减肥。”邹洋幽默却又不失内涵的言语风格给人留下深刻印象。“哲学”是在采访过程中出现频率最高一个词。对许多人而言，可能会对哲学一词望而生畏，对马列等思想更有‘可远观而不可亵玩’之感。　　由于自己对哲学的热爱，邹洋选择继续在马克思主义理论上深造，但是考研路上少不了辛酸风雨，身为学霸的他在学习方面又是如何用哲学来勉励自己的呢？“清华大学的考研信息相对封闭，缺少能够了解考研有关信息的渠道，在这方面我的导师给了很大的帮助。此外，清华推荐的书单也不对外公布，所以我只能自己博览群书。要知道，当客观条件于己不利时，就更应发挥人的主观能动性去争取和把握一切机会。”　　“我的座右铭就两个字‘改变’， 马克思主义唯物辩证法认为一切事物都是发展变化，所以，我们要用发展的眼光看待身边的事情，不断地提高自己的身体素质和精神境界，这也是我为何读研的原因之一，进一步的深入研究，可以让我更好地改变自我。”　　有人说：“身体和灵魂总有一个在路上。”他并未去旅行，但他用身体在奔跑，用四年时光打造出自己喜爱的身材；他爱哲学却不只是成天在白日做梦，他是汲取到哲学精髓的求知者，是理论与实践相结合的践行者。明德至诚 博学远志长按拥抱小福了解不一样的福大！微信号：ifzu1958福州大学编辑：朱梦平、赖若昀作者：徐瑞晨 刘伟明 李阿竣 毛伊芳 杨芷媛来源：《福州大学报》
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外语控必看：如何在90天内学会一门语言
Becoming bilingual opens up a whole new world—a world of different people, of different cultures, of different emotions.
学会一门外语、拥有双语能力会为你展开一个全新的世界：不同的人，不同的文化，不同的情感。
Learning a second language has many cognitive benefits. For example, learning a new language has been shown to delay Alzheimer’s, boost brainpower, reduce cognitive biases, and even increase concentration and the ability to tune out distractions. Your ability to build better habits will improve by learning a new language.
从认知的角度来说，学一门第二外语有很多益处。比方说，有研究显示学习一门新语言可以延缓老年痴呆症，可以提高大脑能力，可以减少认知偏差，甚至还可以增强注意力避免分心。学会一门新语言，可以培养很多好习惯。
But, more so than cognitive effects, the ability to speak a second language has a ton of social benefits. There’s bliss in having the ability to order food in the waiter’s native language, to eavesdrop on people in an elevator, to impress natives by speaking with and understanding them.
不过学一门新语言的好处可不仅仅是认知效果。学会一门第二语言还有很多的社会效益。在国外的餐厅你可以使用服务员的母语点餐，你可以偷听电梯里人们的外语交谈。和当地人交流时，你会说他们的语言能听懂他们的意思，也会给他们留下深刻的印象。这些想想是不是就觉得很开心？
The coolest thing about learning your second language is that it makes learning a third, fourth, or fifth language much easier. The challenge isn’t in learning a new language, but rather learning how to learn a language. Once you know the techniques, you’ll be able to apply the same grammatical patterns and language techniques in every new language you learn.
我觉得学第二语言最酷的事情是：学会了它会让你学第三、第四甚至第五语言的过程更容易。你所面临的挑战不是学会一门新语言，而是学会如何学语言。一旦你掌握了技巧，你就可以把同样的语法模式和语言技巧应用到你想学的任何一种新语言上。
Why most people are wrong about language learning
大部分人对语言学习的误区
I studied spanish for several years in high school, and even got good grades on national exams. But one day, when I actually tried to speak the language, I suddenly realized. Four years of studying Spanish in school, and I couldn’t even order a burrito.
我在高中的时候学过几年的西班牙语，还在全国性的考试中拿到了挺高的分数，但有一天，当我想说西班牙语的时候，我突然意识到：在学校学了四年西班牙语的我，连点份玉米煎饼都不会。
So what went wrong? According to official standardized tests, I was an expert in Spanish. But I couldn’t even do the most basic of tasks!
到底哪里出问题了？根据官方标准测试的结果，我可是西班牙语的专家呀！但我却无法用西班牙语来进行最基本的交流。
The fact is that we not taught languages in the ideal way. Students study languages in huge groups and think that a few worksheets and grammar exercises will be enough to learn a language. Yet almost no one actually learns to speak.
事实是在学校老师教我们语言的方式并不是理想的学习方法。大部分的学生都是在班级里一大群人一起学语言，我们以为做一些语法练习题，就够我们学会一门语言。其实我们基本没有学习如果去说这门语言。
In actuality, by doing worksheets, we are practicing for just that—for worksheets. But if you want to learn to speak, well, you actually have to practice by speaking.
实际上，做练习题的方法，只是让我们完成练习。但如果你想要学会开口说，你其实需要通过讲话的方式来练习。
So when people try to learn to speak a language out of a book, I try to show them that they won’t achieve their goals that way. If you want to speak, you have to practice speaking. And if you want to speak a language rapidly, well, you have to start speaking. A lot.
所以每次我遇到想通过一本书学会一门语言的人，我通常都会告诉他们：这种方法无法让他们实现语言学习的目标。如果你想要说，你就要通过口语练习。如果你想让自己说得非常流利，那你就要开始做大量的口语练习。
The Basic Strategy Of Rapid Language Learning
快速语言学习的基本策略
Learning a language can seem daunting, so I’m going to provide an overview of the general strategy, before we get into the specifics.
学习一门语言似乎让人畏惧，所以我们先来看看基本策略，然后再详细说明。
1. Get the right resources for learning: A grammar book, memorization software, and films/books.
找到学习的正确资源：一本语法书，一个记忆软件，若干电影或书籍
2. Get a private tutor. You want one for at least a month. I recommend four hours/day.
请一位私人教师。你至少需要私人教师陪练一个月时间，我建议每天四小时。
3. Attempt to speak and think only in the new language. Every time you can’t remember a word, put that word into your memorization software. Practice your vocabulary daily.
试着只用这门新的语言说话和思考。每当你想不起一个单词的时候，把那个词输入你的记忆软件。每天进行词汇练习。
4. Find friends, language partners, and other speakers of the language. Once you can have basic conversations with your private tutor, you need to find other partners. If you haven’t already, think about moving to the country where the language is spoken. Consider a group class. Practice continuously.
寻找朋友、语言学习搭档或者其他说这门语言的人。一旦你可以和私人教师进行基本会话，你就需要寻找其他的搭档。如果你还没有准备好，考虑一下搬去说那门语言的国家。也可以参加集体授课班级。要不停地练习。
That’s the basic strategy. Again, this strategy is intensive, because learning a language in three months is a difficult task. If you’d prefer to learn the language more slowly or you don’t have the ability to move to a new country and practice 4-8 hours a day, then you can modify the plan. It is extremely important that you practice every day, however—20 minutes a day is much better than once or twice a week.
这就是基本策略。这些策略执行起来非常有强度，因为在三个月内学会一门语言并非易事。如果你想要慢点学或者你没法搬去另一个国家，或者你不能保证每天学习4-8小时，你也可以调整计划。最重要的是你要每天练习，每天20分钟总比一周才练一两次要好。
The Resources You Need To Learn A Language
学习一门语言需要的资源
A good grammar book. This is essential if you want to learn a language.
一本好的语法书。如果你想要学习一门语言，这是必备的。
A phrase book. This is similar to a dictionary, but for phrases. You can start memorizing full sentences and phrases, and you’ll naturally learn the individual words.
一本短语手册。这和字典类似，但是内容是关于短语的。你可以从记忆完整的句子和短语开始，之后自然会学会单独的词语。
An online dictionary. For most romance langauges, Google Translate can be useful, but it easily becomes a crutch. Use it sparingly.
一本在线字典。对于大部分由拉丁语演变而成的语言，谷歌翻译可以很有用，但也容易产生依赖性，要适度使用。
A memorization app. You have to memorize vocabulary. I always put new words in my app, and practice them every night.
一款记忆应用程序。你必须要记单词。我总是把新单词输入记忆程序，然后每晚练习。
(咖啡色的思念)
外贸独行侠
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learning a lot, thank you so much!
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Have you ever held a question in mind for so long that it becomes part of how you think?
你是否曾经把一个问题留在心中很久，结果它已经成为你的一种思路？
Maybe even part of who you are as a person?
甚至可能已经成为你自己的一部分？
Well I've had a question in my mind for many, many years and that is: how can you speed up learning?
我思考了一个问题很多很多年，就是：你怎样才能加快自己学习的速度？
Now, this is an interesting question because if you speed up learning you can spend less time at school.
那么，这是一个很有趣的问题，因为如果你可以加快自己的学习的速度，你就可以花更少时间在学校里。
And if you learn really fast, you probably wouldn't have to go to school at all.
如果你真的可以学习得特别快，你可能根本就不用去上学。
Now, when I was young, school was sort of okay but I found quite often that school got in the way of learning so I had this question in mind: how do you learn faster?
在我小时候，上学还凑合，但我常常发现上学会阻碍学习，因此在心里面我有了这样一个问题：怎样才能学得更快呢？
And this began when I was very, very young. When I was about eleven years old I wrote a letter to researchers in the Soviet Union, asking about hypnopaedia, this is sleep learning, where you get a tape recorder, you put it beside your bed and it turns on in the middle of the night when you're sleeping, and you're supposed to be learning from this.
(这个想法)在我很小时候已经开始了，大约我11岁的时候，我给前苏联的研究者写了一封关于睡眠学习的信， 所谓“睡觉学习”，就是拿一个磁带录音机放在你床边， 等你入眠后机器开始播放磁带，(然后)目的是通过这种方式来学习。
A good idea, unfortunately it doesn't work.
一个好主意，不幸的是它行不通。
But, hypnopaedia did open the doors to research in other areas and we've had incredible discoveries about learning that began with that first question.
但睡眠学习确实打开了研究其他领域的大门，并且我们从研究这个问题开始已经有了一些惊人的发现。
I went on from there to become passionate about psychology and I have been involved in psychology in many ways for the rest of my life up until this point.
从那开始我对心理学充满热情，直到现在我已经投入了几十年的时间从事心理学相关的不同研究和工作。
In 1981 I took myself to China and I decided that I was going to be native level in Chinese inside two years.
1981年，我来到了中国，并且我决定在两年内我的汉语要达到像中文母语者一样的水平。
Now, you need to understand that in 1981, everybody thought Chinese was really, really difficult and that a westerner could study for ten years or more and never really get very good at it.
呐，你需要明白的是在20世纪80年代初，所有人都认为汉语是真的很难学，一个西方人可能学习10年或以上也未必能学好。
And I also went in with a different idea which was: taking all of the conclusions from psychological research up to that point and applying them to the learning process.
还有，我带着一种不同的想法，就是把心理学对这个问题研究所得的全部结论运用到我学习的过程当中。
What was really cool was that in six months I was fluent in Mandarin Chinese and took a little bit longer to get up to native.
特别棒的是我在六个月内能说流利的中文，不久后，我达到了中文母语者的水平。
But I looked around and I saw all of these people from different countries struggling terribly with Chinese, I saw Chinese people struggling terribly to learn English and other languages, and so my question got refined down to: how can you help a normal adult learn a new language quickly, easily and effectively?
但我看到周围那些来自不同国家的人在为学习中文苦苦挣扎，中国人在为学习英文或其他语言苦苦挣扎，因此我的问题便细化到：怎样帮助一位正常的成年人更快、更容易和有效地学会第二门语言。
Now this is a really, really important question in today's world.
要强调的是，在今天的世界里这是一个非常非常重要的问题。
We have massive challenges with environment. We have massive challenges with social dislocation, with wars, all sorts of things going on and if we can't communicate we're really going to have difficulty solving these problems.
我们需要面对大量的(有关)环保问题的挑战，我们需要面对很多社会混乱和战争的挑战，各种各类事情在发生，如果我们不能沟通那我们将难以解决这些问题。
So we need to be able to speak each other's languages. This is really, really important.
因此，我们需要能够说对方的语言。这真的非常重要。
The question then is how do you do that？ Well, it's actually really easy.
接下来的问题是，怎样做到？这实际上是很容易的。
You look around for people who can already do it, you look for situations where it's already working and then you identify the principles and apply them.
看看你周围那些已经做到的人，寻找在什么情况下，它是有效的，识别这些原则后好好利用它们。
It's called modeling and I've been looking at language learning and modeling language learning for about fifteen to twenty years now.
这是一种高科技模仿，而我已经用这种方法研究语言学习大约15到20年了。
And my conclusion, my observation from this is that any adult can learn a second language to fluency inside six months.
接着多年的观察，我得到的结论是，任何一个成年人能在6个月内把任何外语学得流利。
Now when I say this, most people think I'm crazy, this is not possible. So let me remind everybody of the history of human progress, it's all about expanding our limits.
呐，当我说成年人能在6个月内学会任何一种外语，大多数人都认为我疯了，这是不可能的。因此，先让我提醒在座各位关于人类历史的进展，所有人类历史都是在扩展我们的极限。
In 1950 everybody believed that running one mile in four minutes was impossible and then Roger Bannister did it in 1956 and from there it's got shorter and shorter.
在20世纪50年代，所有人都相信跑出4分钟1英里的成绩是不可能的，后来罗杰·班尼斯特在1965年做到了，而从那开始跑1英里的时间变得越来越短 。
100 years ago everybody believed that heavy stuff doesn't fly。
100年前，每个人都相信重的物体不能飞。
Except it does and we all know this. How does heavy stuff fly?
它不但可以飞，而且我们大家都知道这个事实。那么，重物是怎样飞的呢？
We reorganize the materials using principles that we have learned from observing nature, birds in this case.
我们观察大自然的原理，在此是鸟飞行的原理，，根据这些我们重新组织材料来使重物可以飞。
And today we've gone ever further, so you can fly a car. You can buy one of these for a couple hundred thousand US dollars.
如今，我们甚至走得更远，你可以驾驶一辆会飞的汽车。你可以花几十万美元购买一辆这样的汽车。
We now have cars in the world that can fly.
我们现在有了会飞的汽车了。
And there's a different way to fly that we've learned from squirrels.
在能飞的松鼠的身上我们学会了另一种不同的方式来飞。
So all you need to do is copy what a flying squirrel does, build a suit called a wing suit and off you go, you can fly like a squirrel.
你只要做的是去复制一只飞鼠如何飞的原理，建造一套翼服，你就可以像一只飞鼠那样可以在天空中飞翔。
Now, most people, a lot of people, I wouldn't say everybody but a lot of people think they can't draw.
那么，大多数人，很多人，我不会说所有人，但很多人认为他们不会画画。
However there are some key principles, five principles that you can apply to learning to draw and you can actually learn to draw in five days.
然而这里有一些重要的原则，5个原则你可以利用来学习画画并且实际上你可以在5天内学会。
So, if you draw like this, you learn these principles for five days and apply them and after five days you can draw something like this.
如果你平时画成这样，那么你学习5天这些原则然后应用它们，5天后，你可以画成这样。
Now I know this is true because that was my first drawing and after five days of applying these principles that was what I was able to do.
我知道这是真的，因为那是我第一次画的，5天后我应用了这些原则，我可以做到这样。
And I looked at this and I went ‘wow,' so that's how I look like when I'm concentrating so intensely that my brain is exploding.
当我看着这个，我“哇”了一声，那就是我非常强烈的，专注到我大脑快要爆炸的样子呀！
So, anybody can learn to draw in five days and in the same way, with the same logic, anybody can learn a second language in six months.
因此，任何人都能够用5天时间学会画画，同样地，用同样的方式和逻辑，任何人都可以在6个月内学会一门外语。
How: there are five principles and seven actions.
怎么做呢？ 有5个原则和7个行动可以跟随。
There may be a few more but these are absolutely core.
可能有更多，但这些绝对是核心部分。
And before I get into those I just want to talk about two myths, dispel two myths.
进入这些点之前我想先说说两个神话并消除它们。
The first is that you need talent.
第一个是你需要有天赋。
Let me tell you about Zoe.
让我跟你们说说关于佐伊的事情。
Zoe came from Australia, went to Holland, was trying to learn Dutch, struggling a great deal and finally people were saying: ‘you're completely useless,' ‘you're not talented,' ‘give up,' ‘you're a waste of time' and she was very, very depressed.
佐伊是澳大利亚人，她去到荷兰并尝试学习荷兰语。她非常挣扎，最后人们跟她说，“没用的，”“你没有天赋，”“还是放弃吧，”“你根本就是在浪费时间。”她对此感到非常沮丧。
And then she came across these five principles, she moved to Brazil and she applied them and within six months she was fluent in Portuguese, so talent doesn't matter.
后来，她无意中发现了这5个原则，去了巴西，并把这些原则应用到她学习葡萄牙语中，6个月内，她可以说流利的葡萄牙语了。因此，天赋不重要。
People also think that immersion in a new country is the way to learn a language.
人们还认为学会一门外语最好的方式就是到说该门语言的国家去。
But look around Hong Kong, look at all the westerners who've been here for ten years, who don't speak a word of Chinese.
但是看看在香港已经呆了10年的西方人，还是一句中文也不会说。
Look at all the Chinese living in America, Britain, Australia, Canada who have been there ten, twenty years and they don't speak any English.
看看那些居住在美国、英国、澳大利亚、加拿大10年、20年的中国人，还是不会一句英文。
Immersion per se doesn't not work, why?
只呆在一个新的国家本身是没有用的。为什么？
Because a drowning man cannot learn to swim.
因为溺水的人是学不会游泳的。
When you don't speak a language you're like a baby and if you drop yourself into a context which is all adults talking about stuff over your head, you won't learn.
当你不能说那种语言，你就像一个婴儿，如果你进入一个环境，那里全部都是成年人在叽叽呱呱的说一些你完全听不明白的话，你还是学不会。
So, what are the five principles that you need
那么，你需要注意的那5个原则是什么呢？
first: there are four words, attention, meaning, relevance and memory, and these interconnect in very important ways. Especially when you're talking about learning.
首先，有四个词，注意力、含义、关联和记忆， 而这些在很多非常重要的方面是相互连接的，特别在你谈论学习的时候。
Come with me on a journey through a forest.
请跟随我来一趟森林之旅。
You go on a walk through a forest and you see something like this.
你穿越森林，然后你看到一个像这样的东西。
Little marks on a tree, maybe you pay attention, maybe you don't.
你可能注意到了树上的这些小标记，可能你没有注意它们。
You go another fifty metres and you see this.
然后你继续向前走50米，你看到了这个。
You should be paying attention.
你应该要注意了。
Another fifty metres, if you haven't been paying attention, you see this.
再50米，如果你还没注意的话，你会看到这个。
And at this point, you're paying attention.
当看到这个的时候，你就会注意了。
And you've just learned that this is important, it's relevant because it means this, and anything that is related, any information related to your survival is stuff that you're going to pay attention to and therefore you're going to remember it.
你刚刚学习到了这个是重要的，它与你有重要关系，因为它代表这个。任何有关联的东西，任何有关你生存的信息都是值得你注意的，而你给注意力的就会记住的。
If it's related to your personal goals then you're going to pay attention to it, if it's relevant you're going to remember it.
如果它关于你个人目标的，那么你就会注意到它，如果它与你是有关联的，你就会记住它。
So, the first rule, the first principle for learning a language is focus on language content that is relevant to you.
因此，学习一门语言的第一个原则就是注意那些与你息息相关的语言内容上。
Which brings us to tools.
这就让我们谈到工具。
We master tools by using tools and we learn tools the fastest when they are relevant to us.
我们通过使用工具来掌握工具，而当这些工具与我们息息相关的时候，我们就可以学得很快。
So let me share a story.
先让我分享一个故事。
A keyboard is a tool.
键盘是一个工具。
Typing Chinese a certain way, there are methods for this. That's a tool.
有不同方法打中文字。这些方法属于工具的一种。
I had a colleague many years ago who
多年前，我有一位同事，她上夜校学习中文打字。
Tuesday night, Thursday night, two hours each night, practicing at home, she spent nine months, and she did not learn to type Chinese.
每周二、周四晚上，她都用2个小时上课，然后也在家练习，她花了9个月的时间，仍然没学会打中文字。
And one night we had a crisis.
一天晚上，我们有一件紧急的事情。
We had forty eight hours to deliver a training manual in Chinese.
我们有48个小时来准备用中文发表一本训练手册。
And she got the job, and I can guarantee you in forty eight hours, she learned to type Chinese because it was relevant, it was important, it was meaningful, she was using a tool to create value.
她获得了这个任务 ，并且我可以像你保证，在48个小时内，她学会了用中文打字。因为这是相关的、重要的、有意义的，她在使用一种工具来创造价值。
So the second tool for learning a language is to use your language as a tool to communicate right from day one. As a kid does.
因此，学习一门语言的第二个工具是从第一天开始，用你的语言作为一种工具来沟通，像一个孩子那样做。
When I first arrived in China I didn't speak a word of Chinese, and on my second week I got to take a train ride overnight.
当我初次来到中国，我一句中文都不会说。第二个星期我乘坐火车过夜。
I spent eight hours sitting in the dining car talking to one of the guards on the train. He took an interest in me for some reason, and we just chatted all night in Chinese and he was drawing pictures and making movements with his hands and facial expressions and piece by piece by piece I understood more and more.
我花了8个小时，坐在餐车，跟一位乘警聊。因为某种原因，他对我很感兴趣。我们在那用中文聊了整夜，随着他画画、比划双手并动用他的面部表情，我逐渐地明白越来越多。
But what was really cool, was two weeks later, when people were talking Chinese around me, I was understanding some of this and I hadn't even made any effort to learn that.
但是真正有趣的是，两个星期后，当人们在我周围说中文的时候，我可以明白一些而且我并没有为之付出任何努力。
What had happened?
发生了什么？
I'd absorbed it that night on the train, which brings us to the third principle When you first understand the message, then you will acquire the language unconsciously.
在火车的那晚我已经吸收了中文也是我们要说的第三个原则。当你已经理解沟通的信息含义，接下来你将不知不觉下意识的获得该语言。
And this is really, really well documented now, it's something called comprehensible input and there's twenty or thirty years of research on this. Stephen Krashen, a leader in the field has published all sorts of these different studies and this is just from one of them.
而且这是有充足的证据证明的，我们把它称之为“可明白输入”，而这个概念被研究了了研究二三十年。此领域的佼佼者史蒂夫·克拉申发布了各类不同的学术研究成果，而这些数据来自他的一个报告。
The purple bars show the scores on different tests for language.
条形图里面的紫色部分显示不同语言测试的成绩。
The purple people were people who had learned by grammar and formal study, the green ones are the ones who learned by comprehensible input.
紫色代表那些通过正式学习和学习语法的人，绿色的代表那些通过可明白输入学习的人。
So, comprehension works.
因此，可明白意思的输入是有效的。
Comprehension is key and language learning is not about accumulating lots of knowledge.
理解是很关键的而学语言本身不仅仅是获取大量的知识。
In many, many ways it's about physiological training.
在很多方面，更多的是生理的训练。
A woman I know from Taiwan did great at English at school, she got A grades all the way through, went through college, A grades, went to the US and found she couldn't understand what people were saying.
我认识的一位来自台湾的女士，上学时英文成绩很好，大学英语也很优秀。后来，她到了美国，竟然发现自己听不懂别人在说什么。
And people started asking her: ‘are you deaf?'
然后人们开始问她：“你是聋的吗？”
And she was. English deaf.
她确实是英语聋子。
Because we have filters in our brain that filter in the sounds that we are familiar with and they filter out the sounds of languages we're not.
因为在我们大脑里有一些过滤器会帮助我们过滤熟悉的语言声音进入脑子里，而把不熟悉的语言声音过滤出去。
And if you can't hear it, you won't understand it and if you can't understand it, you're not going to learn it.
如果你听不到，你不会明白；你听不明白，你将不能学会它。
So you actually have to be able to hear these sounds.
因此，你必须能够听到这些声音。
And there are ways to do that but it's physiological training.
这里有一些方法来做到，但这些是生理上的训练。
Speaking takes muscle.
说话需要用到肌肉。
You've got forty-three muscles in your face, you have to coordinate those in a way that you make sounds that other people will understand.
在你的脸上有43块肌肉，你必须协调好这些肌肉来发声，让别人明白你的话。
If you've ever done a new sport for a couple of days, then you know how your body feels. And it hurts.
如果你曾经有做过几天新的运动，你会知道你的身体有什么感觉。有点酸疼。
If your face is hurting you're doing it right.
如果你的面部有这种酸疼的感觉，那就对了。
And the final principle is state.
最后一个原则是状态。
Psycho-physiological state.
心理生理的状态。
If you're sad, angry, worried, upset, you're not going to learn. Period.
如果你伤心、生气、担心、沮丧，你将不能学会。绝对是这样。
If you're happy, relaxed, in an Alpha brain state, curious, you're going to learn really quickly, and very specifically you need to be tolerant of ambiguity.
如果你是在一个开心的，放松的，好奇的大脑状态下，你将很快学会，而且，需要明确的一点是，你需要忍受歧义。
If you're one of those people who needs to understand 100% every word you're hearing, you will go nuts, because you'll be incredibly upset all the time, because you're not perfect.
如果你是那种在听的时候需要百分百听明白别人在说的每一个词儿 的人之一，你会因为你无时无刻(的)沮丧感和你的不完美而发疯了。
If you're comfortable with getting some, not getting some, just paying attention to what you do understand, you're going to be fine, you'll be relaxed and you'll be learning quickly.
如果你对听明白一些、听不明白一些而感到舒服，并把注意力放在你明白的部分，你将会学好，而且你的状态越轻松，你将学得越快。
So based on those five principles, what are the seven actions that you need to take?
那么在这5个原则上，你还需要哪7个行动呢？
Number one: listen a lot.
第一，多听。
I call it brain soaking。
我把它叫做泡脑子。
You put yourself in a context where you're hearing tons and tons and tons of a language and it doesn't matter if you understand it or not。
你把自己置放在听很多很多语言的环境当中，听得明白与否无关重要。
You're listening to the rhythm ,you're listening to the patterns that repeat, you're listening to things that stand out。
在听的时候，你是在听它的节奏、听它重复的模式、听凸出来的词语。
So, just soak your brain in this.
像这个泡泡你的脑子。
The second action: is that you get the meaning first, even before you get the words.
第二个行动是在获取单词之前先获取它的意思。
You go “Well how do I do that?”，
你可能在想，这个我怎么知道的呢？
I don't know the words. Well, you understand what these different postures mean.
我不知道那些单词！ 但你可以理解那些不同手势代表的含义。
Human communication is body language in many, many ways, so much body language.
身体语言占领人类交流的一大部分。
From body language you can understand a lot of communication, therefore, you're understanding, you're acquiring through comprehensible input.
从身体语言，你可以理解很多对话内容，因此，你通过可明白输入理解、获取它的含义。
And you can also use patterns that you already know.
你还可以利用你已经知道的模式。
If you're a Chinese speaker of Mandarin and Cantonese and you go Vietnam, you will understand 60% of what they say to you in daily conversation, because Vietnamese is about 30% Mandarin, 30% Cantonese.
如果你是说国语和粤语，当你去到越南，你可以明白60%的日常用语，因为越南话有30%的国语和30%的粤语。
The third action: start mixing.
第三个行动：开始混合。
You probably have never thought of this but if you've got ten verbs, ten nouns and ten adjectives you can say one thousand different things.
你可能之前没有想过这个，但如果你有10个动词，10个名词和10个形容词，你可以说1000句不同的话。
Language is a creative process.
语言是创造的过程。
What do babies do?
孩子是怎么做的呢？
Okay: me, bat(h)， now， okay, that's how they communicate.
我，澡澡，现在。。。这就是他们说话的方式。
So start mixing, get creative, have fun with it, it doesn't have to be perfect it just has to work.
所以现在开始混合、创造并从中获得趣味。你不需要做到完美，你能沟通就好。
And when you're doing this you focus on the core.
而且当你这样做的时候，你把注意力放在核心上。
What does that mean?
这意味着什么？
Well any language has high frequency content.
任何语言都有它的高频内容。
In English 1000 words covers 85% of anything you're ever going to say in daily communication.
英语有1000个高频词覆盖你85%的日常交流。
3000 words give you 98% of anything you're going to say in daily conversation.
而3000个高频词将覆盖98%的日常交流。
You got 3000 words, you're speaking the language.
你有3000个高频词，你将可以说一门外语。
The rest is icing on the cake.
剩余的是锦上添花。
And when you're just beginning with a new language start with the tool box.
当你开始学习一门外语，从工具箱开始。
Week number one in your new language you say things like: ‘how do you say that?'
第一周，你会用新语言说一些像这样的话“那个你怎么说？”
‘I don't understand,'
“我不明白，”
‘repeat that please,'
“请重复，”
‘what does that mean,'
“那是什么意思”，
all in your target language.
全都用你的目标语言。
You're using it as a tool, making it useful to you, it's relevant to learn other things about the language.
你把它当做工具来用，并且利用好它，这对学习该门语言的其他东西是有重大关系的。
It's by week two that you should be saying things like: ‘me,' ‘this,' ‘you,' ‘that,' ‘give,' you know, ‘hot,' simple pronouns, simple nouns, simple verbs, simple adjectives, communicating like a baby.
第二周，你应该会说一些像“我”、“这个”、“你”、“那个”、“给”、“热”，像个孩子一样用这些简单的代词、名词、动词、形容词来沟通。
And by the third or fourth week, you're getting into what I call glue words.
然后第三或第四周，你会进入我称为“胶水词”的这部分。
‘Although,' ‘but,' ‘therefore,' these are logical transformers that tie bits of a language together, allowing you to make more complex meaning。
“虽然”、“但是”、“因此”，这些逻辑工具帮助你把语言的小块紧密地结合在一起，让你制造更多复杂的意思。
At that point you're talking。
在那个阶段，你已经进入说话的阶段了！ 。
And when you're doing that, you should get yourself a language parent.
当你这样做的时候，你应该给自己找位语言家长。
If you look at how children and parents interact, you'll understand what this means.
如果你看看孩子和父母之间的互动，你会明白这个什么意思的。
When a child is speaking, it'll be using simple words, simple combinations, sometimes quite strange, sometimes very strange pronunciation and other people from outside the family don't understand it.
当一个孩子说话，它会用简单的词，简单的组合，而有时候会发生奇怪甚至是非常怪的声音，如果不是家里人根本就不懂它在说什么。
But the parents do.
但是父母却知道。
And so the kid has a safe environment, gets confidence.
因此，孩子有个安全的环境，然后变得有自信。
The parents talk to the children with body language and with simple language which they know the child understands.
父母用孩子可以理解的身体语言和简单句子跟他们说话。
So we have a comprehensible input environment that's safe, we know it works otherwise none of you would speak your mother tongue.
因此我们有一个很安全的可明白输入的环境。我们知道这个有用，不然的话我们都不会说自己的母语。
15:55 So you get yourself a language parent, who's somebody interested in you as a person who will communicate with you essentially as an equal, but pay attention to help you understand the message.
因此你可以给自己找个语言家长，他是对你感兴趣的一个人，可以跟你沟通得上的，也可以是能够帮助你理解的同龄人。
There are four rules of a language parent.
语言家长有四个规则。
Spouses by the way are not very good at this, okay?
顺便说一下，配偶在这里没有那么好，明白吗？
But the four rules are, first of all, they will work hard to understand what you mean even when you're way off beat.
那么4条规则是，第一，他们会尽可能地理解你的意思，哪怕你脱离节拍。
Secondly, they will never correct your mistakes.
第二，他们从来不会纠正你的错误。
Thirdly they will feed back their understanding of what you are saying so you can respond appropriately and get that feedback and then they will use words that you know.
第三，他们会理解你说的话并给出反馈，好让你适当地回应并获得反馈，并且他们也是说你知道的单词。
The sixth thing you have to do, is copy the face.
第六件事你需要做的就是模仿面部表情。
You've got to get the muscles working right, so you can sound in a way that people will understand you.
你需要把肌肉部位用得准确，别人才可以听明白你发出的声音。
There's a couple of things you do.
达到此目的，你需要做几件事情。
One is that you hear how it feels, and feel how it sounds which means you have a feedback loop operating in your face, but ideally if you can look at a native speaker and just observe how they use their face, let your unconscious mind absorb the rules, then you're going to be able to pick it up.
第一，听它是什么感觉的并感觉它是怎样发出声音的，从你的脸上获得反馈。如果条件理想的话，你可以看着母语者并观察他们的面部，让你下意识地吸收这些规则，然后你将能够获取到它。
And if you c
an't get a native speaker to look at, you can use stuff like this: [slides].
如果你没有母语者可以看着学习的话，你可以用像这样的东西。
And the final idea here, the final action you need to take is something that I call “direct connect.”
最后一个行动是你需要“直接联系”。
What does this mean?
什么意思呢？
Well most people learning a second language sort of take the mother tongue words and take the target words and go over them again and again in their mind to try and remember them.
大多数人学习外语几乎都是用母语的单词对照目标语言，反复地在心中念并尝试记住它们。
Really inefficient.
这样做效率真的很低。
What you need to do is realize that everything you know is an image inside your mind, it's feelings,
你需要做的是意识到你所知道的事情在你的脑海里都有一个画面和感觉。
if you talk about fire you can smell the smoke you can hear the crackling, you can see the flames,
如果你说到“火”，你可以闻到那个烟味，你可以听到那燃烧的爆裂声，你可以看到那火焰，
so what you do, is you go into that imagery and all of that memory and you come out with another pathway.
所以你需要做的是进入那些意象和有关的所有的记忆力，然后从另一条通道出来。
So I call it ‘same box, different path.'
我把这叫做“殊途同归”(同一个盒子，不同的路)。
You come out of that pathway, you build it over time you become more and more skilled at just connecting the new sounds to those images that you already have, into that internal representation.
你从那条通道出来，你将建立这种技能并且越来越熟练地把新的声音连接到你心里已经知道的画面去。
And over time you even become naturally good at that process, that becomes unconscious.
往后你甚至很擅长走这个过程，甚至是无意识的。
So, there are five principles that you need to work with, seven actions, if you do any of them, you're going to improve。
因此，你需要运用的那5个原则和7个行动，如果你运用其中任何一个，都将得到进步。
And remember these are things under your control as the learner.
并且记住，作为学习者，这些事情都在你的掌控之下。
Do them all and you're going to be fluent in a second language in six months.
如果你做到以上全部，你将会在六个月内学会流利的外语。
Thank you.
（音频及文本来源：新浪教育。本文为TED演讲，讲师介绍：Chris Lonsdale. 国际心理学家、语言学家、教育家。香港龙氏顾问行董事长，香港第三支耳朵国际教育集团董事长，功夫英语创始人之一。）
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