Management of residual risk after statin therapy. - Abstract - Europe PMC
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Christina Reith
Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, Richard Doll Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK.
Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, Richard Doll Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK.
Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, Richard Doll Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK. Electronic address: jane.armitage@ctsu.ox.ac.uk.
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[13 Dec 1-170]
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Review, Journal Article
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Observational data indicate that low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels are strongly positively associated with the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) whilst the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is strongly inversely associated, with additional associations being observed for other lipid parameters such as triglycerides, apolipoproteins and lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)). This has led to an interest in the development of a range of lipid intervention therapies. The most widely used of these interventions are statins, but even with intensive statin therapy some groups of patients remain at significant residual cardiovascular (CV) risk. In addition, some people are intolerant of statin therapy. In these circumstances, additional therapeutic agents may be needed. This review considers the evidence behind and the pros and cons of such additional agents.
British Heart Foundation
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CitePeer Related ArticlesKamacite and olivine in ordinary chondrites: Intergroup and intragroup relationships - ScienceDirect
Export JavaScript is disabled on your browser. Please enable JavaScript to use all the features on this page., May 1990, Pages Author links open overlay panelShow moreAbstractA suite of 134 ordinary chondrites (OCs) was analyzed by electron microprobe to determine olivine and kamacite compositions. Equilibrated members of the three main OC groups have the following ranges of olivine Fa and kamacite Co: H (17.3–20.2 mol% Fa; 4.4–5.1 mg/g Co); L (23.0–25.8 mol% Fa; 7.0–9.5 mg/g Co); LL (26.6–32.4 mol% Fa; 14.2–370 mg/g Co). However, the high-Co (200–370 mg/g Co) metal phase in highly oxidized LL chondrites is probably not kamacite. Group ranges of kamacite Ni content overlap, but mean Ni values of equilibrated OCs decrease from H (69.2 mg/g) to L (65.4 mg/ g) to LL (49.8 mg/g). The concomitant increase in kamacite Co and decrease in kamacite Ni in the H-L-LL sequence is probably due to a combination of two effects: 1.(1) the decrease in kamacite grain size from H through LL (the smaller LL grains reach equilibrium faster and thereby acquire lower Ni contents), and2.(2) the greater oxidizability of Fe relative to Co (kamacite grains thus become richer in Co as the oxidation state increases from H through LL).There are significant intragroup differences in olivine and kamacite composition: type-3 and type-4 OCs tend to have lower olivine Fa and kamacite Co and Ni values than type-6 OCs. The lower Fa in H-L-LL3 chondrites may be due either to the lack of equilibration between fine FeO-rich and coarse FeOpoor silicates in type-3 OCs, or to the acquisition of less FeO-rich material (possibly type-II chondrules or fine-grained matrix material) by type-3 OCs during agglomeration. The lower kamacite Co and Ni contents of H-L-LL3 chondrites may reflect the presence in type-3 OCs of a relict nebular metal component with positively correlated Co and Ni; such a component has previously been inferred for the primitive, ungrouped chondrites, Al Rais, Renazzo, and ALH85085.Aberrant olivine and/or kamacite grains with compositions significantly different than the majority in the whole-rock occur in at least half and probably virtually all equilibrated OCs. Aberrant kamacite grains are not uniformly distributed among the OCs; they are more common in L and LL than in H chondrites. Chondrites containing aberrant grains are fragmental breccias that were brecciated after cooling from high metamorphic temperatures.The different OC parent bodies accreted at different heliocentric distances and acquired distinct bulk and mineralogical compositions. It is probable that more than three OC parent bodies were formed: Netschaevo is from an OC body more reduced than H Tieschitz and Bremerv?rde may be from an OC body intermediate in its properties between H and L and ten other OCs may be from a body intermediate between L and LL.Within each individual OC group, there are many chondrites with non-overlapping olivine compositional distributions. These meteorites clearly have not equilibr they may have agglomerated at opposite extremes of the parent body's accretion zone. Their existence is consistent with maximum metamorphic temperatures having occurred in small planetesimals prior to the accretion of large asteroids.Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution.ororRecommended articlesCiting articles (0)The dependence of the emission size on the hadron mass - ScienceDirect
Export JavaScript is disabled on your browser. Please enable JavaScript to use all the features on this page., 15 April 1999, Pages 159-166Author links open overlay panelShow moreAbstractThe size of the emission volume of pions and kaons, rππ and rKK, were measured in the hadronic Z0 decays through the two-pion and two-kaon Bose–Einstein correlations near threshold. Recently the emitter size of the two identical baryons, ΛΛ(Λ?Λ?), was evaluated from the dependence of the fraction of the spin S=1 state on the energy near threshold where it is affected by the Pauli exclusion principle. Here we show that the r dependence on the particle masses, namely the hierarchy rππ&rKK&rΛΛ observed in the Z0 hadronic decays, is well described in terms of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. A good description can also be obtained via the virial theorem when applied to a general QCD potential. Other available approaches are also discussed.KeywordsBose and Fermi correlationsEmission radiusHadron massUncertainty principleQCDPACS13.6505.30.F06.30.B12.38.BCheck if you have access through your login credentials or your institution.ororRecommended articlesCiting articles (0)