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出门在外也不愁United Nations News Centre - South Sudan at ‘crossroads’ as it seeks to combat sexual violence, says UN official
Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict Zainab Hawa Bangura briefs journalists on her recent visit to South Sudan. UN Photo/Eskinder Debebe
20 October 2014 &#150 Sexual violence has become a key feature of the continuing conflict in South Sudan, the United Nations Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict, Zainab Hawa Bangura, has declared, while affirming that the widespread use of rape could ultimately be stopped through greater political and legal efforts by the Government and civil society.
In a press conference today at UN Headquarters following her first mission to South Sudan to assess the situation of sexual violence in conflict in the country, Ms. Bangura explained that in her 30 years of experience she had never seen anything like what she witnessed in the northern town of Bentiu, where hundreds of civilians were massacred in April of this year and many more were raped.
According to reports, incidents of sexual violence in Bentiu include rape, gang rape, forced abortion and sexual harassment with perpetrators counting members of the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA), the South Sudan national police service and more recently, the Justice and Equity Movement (JEM) among their ranks, as they exchanged control over the town at least 8 times.
In addition, she said fighters used the local radio station, Radio Bentiu FM, to broadcast hate speech calling on men to commit sexual violence against women and girls based on their ethnicity and assumed political affiliations.
The Special Representative detailed the nature of the sexual violence that many women are subjected to, emphasizing that those who fight back against their attackers are subsequently “raped with sharp objects instead.” Others, she said, were raped to death. Ms. Bangura also pointed out that a vast number of those who suffer sexual attacks are young, with one of the treated victims only 2 years old.
“It is not just about rape,” Ms. Bangura told the gathered journalists, “it is to inflict unimaginable pain and destruction.”
Ms. Bangura explained that much of the sexual violence had been “commanded” within a military context with attackers ordered to rape women based on their ethnicities. As a result, she noted, structures could be implemented to ensure that such attacks were stopped.
During her visit to South Sudan, which spanned from 5 to 11 October, Ms. Bangura also met with a wide range of representatives from the South Sudanese Government, as well as civil society partners, UN entities and women’s groups.
Her visit concluded with a Joint Communique with the Government that outlines clear steps they will take to prevent and address sexual violence crimes, including issuing and enforcing clear orders through the army chain of command prohibi provisions to ensure medical, psychosocial and legal a security and j and ensuring that sexual violence crimes are addressed explicitly in the peace process.
If a State cannot respect women during times of peace, it cannot protect them during conflict, Ms. Bangura continued, while warning that “widespread sexual violence sows the seeds for the poisoned fruits of reprisal.”
In a similarly toned op-ed published in local Sudanese papers, the Special Representative called to all South Sudanese stakeholders, declaring that the time had come for the country to ask whether it wanted “a future with enmity between neighbours and ethnic tensions among citizens, or a future of peace and security with neighbours of all ethnicities working side by side to help the country reach its full potential.”
“South Sudan is now at a crossroads,” wrote Ms. Bangura, “it can turn back from sexual violence and reject its use as a political tool and weapon of war, or it can continue on a road whose only destination is revenge, and the decimation of a whole country’s hopes for a better future.”
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Social Media三、阅读理解 Asonecomestosomecrossroads,heorsheseesasignwhichsaysthatdrivershavetostopwhentheycometot..域名：学优高考网，每年帮助百万名学子考取名校！名师解析高考押题名校密卷高考冲刺高三提分作业答案学习方法问题人评价，难度：0%三、阅读理解 As one comes to some crossroads, he or she sees a sign which says that drivers have to stop when they come to the main road ahead. At other crossroads, drivers have to go slow, but they do not actually have to stop unless, of course, there is something coming and at still others, they do not have either to stop or to go slow, because they are themselves on the main road.Mr. Williams, who was always a very careful driver, was driving home from work one evening when he came to a crossroad. It had a “SLOW” sign. He slowed down when he came to the main road, looked both ways to see that nothing was coming, and then drove across without stopping completely.At once he heard a police whistle, so he pulled into the side of the road and stopped. A policeman walked over to him with a notebook and a pen in his hand and said, “You didn’t stop at that crossing.”“But the sign there doesn't say ‘STOP’.” answered Mr. Williams, “It just says ‘SLOW’, and I did go slow.”The policeman looked around him, and a look of surprise came over his face. Then he put his notebook and pen away, scratched his head and said, “Well, I’m in the wrong street!”51. When he was stopped by a policeman, he ____.A. was driving at a high speed
B. was driving onto the main roadC. was going to stop his car
D. was pulled into the crossroad 52. Though slowly, Mr. Williams continued driving at the crossing because________ .A. he saw a “STOP” sign in the opposite street B. he paid no attention to the traffic rules C. he didn't have to stop
D. he was eager to get home53. Looking round Mr. Williams, the policeman was surprised because__________ .A. he met a mad man B. he realized that he himself was mistakenC. Mr. Williams dared to speak to him like thatD. Mr. Williams would not apologize to him54. What does “scratch” in the last paragraph mean?A. to rub the skin of (the head) for uncertainty B. to strike (the head ) for regretC. to nodded for sure D. to look back to search for something 马上分享给朋友：答案51—5４CBCB点击查看答案解释本题暂无同学作出解析，期待您来作答点击查看解释相关试题后使用快捷导航没有帐号？
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Powered byDOJ/DOT on Requirements to Provide Curb Ramps when Streets, Roads, or Highways are Altered through Resurfacing
U.S. Department of Justice
Civil Rights Division
Disability Rights Section
U.S. Department of Transportation
Federal Highway Administration
Department
of Justice/Department of Transportation Joint
Technical Assistance on the Title II
of the Americans with Disabilities Act Requirements to Provide Curb Ramps when
Streets, Roads, or Highways are Altered through Resurfacing
Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
requires that state and local governments ensure that persons with disabilities
have access to the pedestrian routes in the public right of way. An important part
of this requirement is the obligation whenever streets, roadways, or highways
are altered to provide curb ramps where
street level pedestrian walkways cross curbs.
This requirement is intended to ensure the
accessibility and usability of the pedestrian walkway for persons with
disabilities.
An alteration is a
change that affects or could affect the usability of all or part of a building
or facility.
Alterations of streets, roads, or highways
include activities such as reconstruction, rehabilitation, resurfacing, widening, and projects of similar scale and effect.
Maintenance activities on streets, roads, or
highways, such as filling potholes, are not alterations.
Without curb ramps, sidewalk travel in urban areas can be
dangerous, difficult, or even impossible for people who use wheelchairs,
scooters, and other mobility devices. Curb ramps allow people with mobility disabilities
to gain access to the sidewalks and to pass through center islands in streets.
Otherwise, these individuals are forced to travel in streets and roadways and
are put in danger or are prevented from reachi some people
with disabilities may simply choose not to take this risk and will not venture
out of their homes or communities.
Because resurfacing of streets constitutes an alteration under
the ADA, it triggers the obligation to provide curb ramps where pedestrian
walkways intersect the resurfaced streets.
See Kinney v. Yerusalim, 9 F 3d 1067 (3rd Cir.
This obligation has been
discussed in a variety of technical assistance materials published by the
Department of Justice beginning in 1994. Over the past few years, state and local governments have sought further guidance
on the scope of the alterations requirement with respect to the provision of
curb ramps when streets, roads or highways are being resurfaced.
These questions have arisen largely due to the
development of a variety of road surface treatments other than traditional road
resurfacing, which generally involved the addition of a new layer of asphalt.
Public entities have asked the Department of
Transportation and the Department of Justice to clarify whether particular road
surface treatments fall within the ADA definition of alterations, or whether
they should be considered maintenance that would not trigger the obligation to
provide curb ramps.
This Joint Technical
Assistance addresses some of those questions.
must curb ramps be provided?
Generally, curb ramps are
needed wherever a sidewalk or other pedestrian walkway crosses a curb. Curb
ramps must be located to ensure a person with a mobility disability can travel
from a sidewalk on one side of the street, over or through any curbs or traffic
islands, to the sidewalk on the other side of the street.
However, the ADA does not require installation
of ramps or curb ramps in the absence of a pedestrian walkway with a prepared
surface for pedestrian use. Nor are curb ramps required in the
absence of a curb, elevation, or other barrier between the street and the
is resurfacing considered to be an alteration?
Resurfacing is an
alteration that triggers the requirement to add curb ramps if it involves work
on a street or roadway spanning from one intersection to another, and includes overlays
of additional material to the road surface, with or without milling.
Examples include, but are not limited to the
following treatments or their equivalents: addition of a new layer of asphalt, reconstruction,
concrete pavement rehabilitation and reconstruction, open-graded surface
course, micro-surfacing and thin lift overlays, cape seals, and in-place
asphalt recycling.
kinds of treatments constitute maintenance rather than an alteration?
Treatments that serve solely
to seal and protect the road surface, improve friction, and control splash and
spray are considered to be maintenance because they do not significantly affect
the public's access to or usability of the road.
Some examples of the types of treatments that
would normally be considered maintenance are:
painting or striping lanes, crack filling and sealing, surface sealing, chip
seals, slurry seals, fog seals, scrub sealing, joint crack seals, joint
repairs, dowel bar retrofit, spot high-friction treatments, diamond grinding, and
pavement patching.
In some cases, the
combination of several maintenance treatments occurring at or near the same
time may qualify as an alteration and would trigger the obligation to provide
curb ramps.&
if a locality is not resurfacing an entire block, but is resurfacing a
crosswalk by itself?
Crosswalks constitute distinct elements of the right-of-way
intended to facilitate pedestrian traffic.& Regardless of whether there is
curb-to-curb resurfacing of the street or roadway in general, resurfacing of a
crosswalk also requires the provision of curb ramps at that crosswalk.
See 28 CFR 35.151(i)(1)
(Newly constructed or altered streets, roads, and highways must contain curb
ramps or other sloped areas at any intersection having curbs or other barriers
to entry from a street level pedestrian walkway) and 35.151(i)(2) (Newly
constructed or altered street level pedestrian walkways must contain curb ramps
or other sloped areas at intersections to streets, roads, or highways).
28 CFR 35.151(b)(1).
2010 ADA Accessibility Standards, section 106.5.
See 1994 Title II Technical
Assistance Manual Supplement, Title II TA Guidance:
The ADA and City Governments: Common
P and ADA Best Practices Tool Kit for State and Local Governments:
Chapter 6, Curb Ramps and Pedestrian
Crossings under Title II of the ADA, available at .