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This article is about the Chinese lunar rover.
For the mythological character, see .
For the tropical cyclones, see .
Yutu (: 玉兔; : Yùtù; literally: "Jade Rabbit") is an unmanned
that forms part of the Chinese
mission to the . It was launched at 17:30 UTC on 1 December 2013, and reached the Moon's surface on 14 December 2013. The mission marks the first soft landing on the Moon since 1976 and the first
to operate there since the Soviet
ceased operations on 11 May 1973.
The rover encountered operational difficulties after the first 14-day lunar night (after about a month on the Moon), and was unable to move after the end of the second lunar night, however it is still gathering some useful data.
The Yutu lunar rover was developed by Shanghai Aerospace System Engineering Institute (SASEI) and Beijing Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering (BISSE). The development of the six-wheeled rover began in 2002 and was completed in May 2010. It was designed to deploy from the lander and explore the lunar surface independently. The rover's name was selected in an online poll, and is a reference to the
of , the goddess of the Moon in .
The official mission objective was to achieve China's first soft-landing and roving exploration on the Moon, as well as to demonstrate and develop key technologies for future missions.
The scientific objectives of Chang'e-3 mainly included lunar surface topography and geological survey, lunar surface material composition and resource survey, Sun-Earth-Moon space environment detection, and lunar-based astronomical observation. Chang'e 3 will attempt to perform the first direct measurement of the structure and depth of the
down to a depth of 30 m (98 ft), and investigate the
down to several hundred meters deep.
was divided into three main operational phases:
Orbiting ( and )
Landing ( and )
Sample return ()
reveals little about its missions to the public, so detailed information about
is limited. Aspects of Yutu's design and several of its experiments may have been based on NASA's . Its wheel design is believed to have been considerably influenced by what was used on the Russian
The Yutu rover has a mass of 140 kg (310 lb), with a payload capacity of 20 kg (44 lb). It is smaller than the Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, and carries similar instruments: panoramic cameras, an
(APXS). Yutu is also equipped with a robotic arm to position its APXS near a target sample. In addition, the rover can transmit live video, and has automatic sensors to prevent it from colliding with other objects.
Yutu was designed to explore an area of 3 square kilometres (1.2 sq mi) during its three-month mission, with a maximum travelling distance of 10 km (6.2 mi). Energy is provided by two , allowing the rover to operate through lunar days. During the 14-day lunar nights, the rover will go into , during which heating is provided by
(RHU) using
and two-phase fluid loops.
The Yutu rover carries a
and spectrometers to inspect the composition of the soil and the structure of the
beneath it.
The rover carries a
(GPR) on its underside, allowing for the first direct measurement of the structure and depth of the
down to a depth of 30 m (98 ft), and investigation of the
down to several hundred metres deep.
The rover carries an
(APXS) and an , intended to analyze the
composition of lunar samples. The APXS is the only payload on the robotic arm.
There are two panoramic cameras and two navigation cameras on the rover's mast, which stands ~1.5 m (4.9 ft) above the lunar surface, as well as two hazard avoidance cameras installed on the lower front portion of the rover. Each
may be used to capture
images, or for
The planned landing site was , a lava-filled crater 249 km (155 mi) in diameter. The actual landing took place on .
image of the landing site, which is close to the transition between light and dark maria
close-up image taken on 25 December 2013. The lander (large arrow) and rover (small arrow) can be seen.
Chang'e 3 landed on 14 December 2013 and deployed the Yutu rover 7 hours 24 minutes later.
The planned landing site was announced to be . However, the lander descended on , about 40 km (25 mi) south of the 6 km (3.7 mi) diameter Laplace F crater, at 44.1214°N, 19.5116°W (;m elevation)
The rover was successfully deployed from the lander, and made contact with the lunar surface on 14 December, 20:35 UTC. On 17 December it was announced that all of the scientific tools apart from the spectrometers had been successfully activated, and that both the lander and rover were "functioning as hoped, despite the unexpectedly rigorous conditions of the lunar environment". However, from 16 December to 20 December the rover did not move, having been partially powered down. Direct solar radiation had raised the temperature on the sunlit side of the rover to over 100 °C, while the shaded side simultaneously fell below zero.
By 22 December Yutu had completed its first tasks: to photograph the lander from several different angles, following a roughly semi-circular route from north to south of the lander, while at the same time being photographed and filmed by the lander. A number of these images have been released, including a
of the lander and videos of the rover in motion. The lander and rover then commenced their respective science missions.
In addition to successfully deploying its robotic arm, Yutu completed checks on 23 December to ensure that it was prepared for the coming lunar night, and moved about 40 metres south of the lander. The lander was also tested the following day. The lander entered
first, at around 11am
on 25 December, followed by the rover at 05:23 on 26 December. Both had to withstand the extreme cold of the two-week-long lunar nights.
On 11 January 2014, following the lunar night, the rover and lander were taken out of . On 16 January, the rover completed its first examination of the . On 25 January 2014, near the end of the second lunar day, China's state media announced that the rover had undergone a "mechanical control abnormality" and stated that the problem was caused by the "complicated lunar surface environment".
reported that the rover was not responding properly to commands from Earth, so it "could not prepare for the oncoming night properly." Specifically, the rover suffered a control circuit malfunction in its driving unit, which prevented it from entering normal dormancy and folding its mast and solar panels.
Command Control was expecting the rover to contact Earth on 12 February 2014 had it endured its second lunar night. Since it did not transmit any signals, it was officially declared permanently inoperative. However, one day later, on 13 February, it re-established communication with Command Control. China's lunar program spokesman Pei Zhaoyu declared that although Yutu was able to communicate, "it still suffers a mechanical control abnormality."
The rover entered its third hibernation period on 22 February. It was still unable to move and serious technical troubles persisted that hampered science operations. Chinese space scientists eventually ascertained that the control circuit had failed, and this prevented Yutu from entering normal dormancy as planned, but stated that the ground penetrating radar, panoramic and infrared imaging equipment were functioning normally.
On 18 April 2014, Wang Jianyu, deputy secretary general of the Chinese Society of Space Research stated that the failure is not mechanical but electrical and are looking to bypass it. He also explained, "The temperature on the Moon is considerably lower than our previous estimation, adding that "certain components may be suffering from "frostbite". During 15 April, the Chang'e 3 mission, including its Yutu rover, witnessed a
by the Earth from surface of the Moon.
Yutu still cannot move the solar panels back to the insulating position during the lunar nights, exposing the internals to the nightly cold. With each lunar night, some capability is lost, but it has exceeded its expected three-month life. The scientific instruments may work, but future science would be very limited if the NIR spectrometer and the ground-penetrating radar are limited to always making the same observation. Mission Control plans to keep on using the Moon rover until it completely stops working, as it will provide valuable data on the endurance of its components.
As of October 2014, the rover remains immobile and its instruments continue degrading, but it is still able to communicate with Earth radio stations, while the lander has ceased to communicate.
The rover has a dedicated, although not official,
account (Jade Rabbit Lunar Rover) with over 600,000 followers, sometimes posting humorous status updates.
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《 美国登录月球是骗局吗？》【242】
《 美国登录月球是骗局吗？》【242】 & 班明峰/
来自斯诺登：俄国首先探索月球 英媒称美国登月造假怀疑论者说：美国阿波罗登月是伪造的，人类根本没有去过月球！很多证据站得住脚，有没有一目了然的证据能够证明人类去过月球呢？看这篇文章列举的事实吧。近日，“棱镜门”主角美国人叛逆者斯诺登的一条微博再次引发了人们对这次登月壮举涉嫌造假的热议。而美国赠送荷兰的月球岩石被爆出实为石化木头的消息，更坚定了怀疑论者们的信念。怀疑论者： 美国阿波罗登月是伪造的，包括年间的六次登月都是假的。人类并没有到达月球，相关视频是用电影特技在地球上拍摄的，照片也是假的。怀疑论历史悠久，20世纪70年代中期就出现了。这个问题发展成了旷日持久、牵连广泛、内涵庞大的大争论。现在已经进入“是骗局”结论尾声。登月到底有没有发生，应该用证据和逻辑性来说话。怀疑论者说：首先、“登月骗局”有目的性，是美国为赢得太空竞赛一手策划的并且为了在地球上建立威慑力搞军事扩张成为世界霸权而首先“亮相肌肉”；其次、美国在1969年的科技幼稚得很，那时无法实现登月再返回地球。证据，是要经得起科学理论和逻辑学原则推敲和检验。常见的支美者的“戴人登月不是骗局”部分证据集合和被怀疑论者驳斥。在维基百科“登月阴谋论”【简称“怀疑论者”】（Moon landing conspiracy theories）词条下，汇总了近40年来的争论中，怀疑论者提出的常见“证据”。例如： 1，怀疑论者：飘动的美国国旗说明有微风吹过，但是月球上没有空气，不可能有风。支美者： 这些旗帜采用了“Γ”形的支架，因此总是处于展开状态。而旗帜表面的起伏并非被风吹动，而是旗帜被移动时的惯性所致。由于月球上缺少空气阻力，惯性产生的起伏运动会持续很久，产生“风吹飘动”的错觉。美国科普电视节目《流言终结者》在其“登月疑云”一集中，将一面旗帜放入真空环境下，发现其也会产生这种类似“风吹”的起伏运动。此外，当旗帜停止“飘动”时，它们的形状会定格在“飘动”时的状态。因此一些照片中看到的“飘动的旗帜”其实是已经静止的。某一个动图中展示的两张间隔几秒钟拍摄的照片，可以看出在宇航员运动时，旗帜是一动不动的。楼主认为：自相矛盾的说法。旗帜表面的起伏的错觉，用所谓“惯性产生的起伏运动会持续很久”不符合科学性。物理学中，惯性是，一切物体在没有受到外力作用的时候，总保持均速直线运动状态和静止状态。这个特性和物体质量有关。比如火车比汽车更加不容易停止或者启动。而小旗帜惯性更加小。并且月球不是速度突然改变的，根本不会出现所谓“惯性产生的起伏运动会持续很久”。质量不大的旗帜表面的起伏不可能是物理学惯性定律现象。如果用美国科普电视节目“也会产生这种类似风吹的起伏运动”来欲盖弥彰也是不行的。 2，怀疑论者：登月照片的天空漆黑背景中不可能拍摄不到星星。支美者： 登月过程中的主要活动都是在月球的“白天”进行的。由于日照和反光强烈，在照清楚相片主题的情况下，是不可能同时照到星星的，因为星星的光线太弱了。怀疑论者：用地球上的大气散射太阳光现象去解释没有空气的月球的光学现象非常荒唐。月亮上没有空气就没有太阳散射光：如果一个人在阴影里露出脑袋，别人看不见他身体，好像是一个脑袋漂浮在空间。地球有空气早晨太阳将要出现时还可以拍摄较明亮的星星，月亮更加有条件实现。在没有漫反射的月球一颗星星都拍摄不到是不符合科学规律的。特别是太阳光几乎和星星光线呈现90度方向，是可以拍摄到天空一般亮度星星的。地球上、许多人造卫星上可拍摄到人眼睛看不见的星星。但是在摄影棚里模拟极多星星位置、大小是最为容易露马脚的。 3，怀疑论者班明峰认为：登月舱从地球到达月球轨道上空，要首共同先绕月球轨道转动，再用登月舱单独下到月球，去是容易得很，返回地球就困难多了，因为月亮和地球万有引力都是在“拔河”，要非常准确地同步，依靠事先设计的程序，没有自动控制就像步枪千里打苹果的准确性一样困难，失败以后能源不足，就会永远成为月球卫星。从地球用无线电波不可能即时遥控的。并且那时候世界上一切电脑无法好像今天一样做到小型化和发达。用人工控制降落和返回是匪夷所思因为和轨道上的飞船接合太复杂了。接合速度不能有一点点误差，结构接口也是不能够误差一点否则漏气生命不保。人体和维持生命的复杂结构使得飞船质量大大增加，火箭没有足够燃料无法带着返回舱返回地球。好像是幼儿园孩子去搞偏微分方程解题一样困难。没有微型电脑的自动化控制不可能实现戴人飞船往返飞行的。美国成功率仅仅是0.1%就不错了。当时电脑还是傻大个，需要巨大空间和电源，火箭体积巨大，需要携带大量燃料，根本不能够完成如此复杂登录月地球任务。 4，怀疑论者班明峰认为：一些照片里的影子方向不平行，证明有多个光源。其中一张美国登上月球的照片，【见题图】两道一大一小阴影特别是大阴影与画面底边平行，证明光线和摄影机视线垂直，按照透视原理，不应该在视线左、右出现“灭点”【因近大远小原理平行线的延长线在照片上相交消失的一点】。实际上画面向左边有有“灭点”是违背照片的太阳光透视规律的，【太阳光线几乎是平行线】照片上不可能出现灭点，除非与摄影机视点不垂直的平行排列的直线，在照片上才会显示灭点。戴人飞船登录月球的照片却在视线左边出现延长线的灭点，特别是人的阴影偏离上面长长的阴影太多】说明可判断灭点处的垂直月球地面的垂线上有人工光源，这些 直线 之间也是不可能产生灭点的。更加不可能出现照片上的不同方向的阴影，否则多个人工光源。 【照片上的宇航员到左边灭点水平距离等于宇航员到照片左边框的距离的大约2倍】，人工光源应该在此灭点o根据“阴影确定面”【两条阴影线条确定的面】向上作的垂线ob上。高度可确定在：人的阴影右端与人的最高处的连线与直线ob的相交点处c。所以照片露马脚了。【支持者说有波、谷，来批驳阴影方向不相同，没有科学依据，即使是地形有波、谷，其阴影曲线的阴影即使是弯弯曲曲，也应该是“分布在在一条中心虚拟直线上的如同藤缠竹子的曲线波动分布而已”，不能够根本改变“中心虚拟直线”也是有“灭点”的规律。 5，支美证据——支美者：正面证明阿波罗登月的证据还有有独立的第三方证据，就是“物证”，能证实阿波罗戴人登月确实发生过—苏联无人取样器与阿波罗11号的太空赛跑。后来在无人探月领域接连取得数次“历史第一”，然而载人登月计划却进展缓慢。随着N1登月火箭接连发射失败，前苏联登月之梦化为泡影。尽管如此，在阿波罗11号飞船即将启程之时，苏联依然想做最后一次努力——将一枚无人自动取样返回探测器“月球15号”送上月球，试图抢在美国阿波罗飞船之前取回月球土壤样本。日，月球15号赶在阿波罗11号三天前发射。16日阿波罗11号发射升空，17日，月球15号进入绕月轨道。但之苏联探测器被美国阿波罗11号反超。月球15号在轨道上停留了三天，期间，阿波罗11号于7月20日成功着陆在月球表面。更为不幸的是，7月21日，月球15号在着陆时坠毁，没能实现预期目标，此时阿姆斯特朗和奥尔德林再过两个小时就要从月球起飞，返回地球。这场角逐被西方航天史学界看作是冷战期间美苏“太空竞赛”的最高潮。日，英国焦德雷尔班克天文台首次公开了对月球15号的跟踪记录。为了避免两个月球飞行器发生相撞，苏联应美国的要求透露了月球15号的轨道参数。这些都证明四十多年前那场太空中的赛跑实实在在地发生过。有对话记录。怀疑论者批驳：即使正确，但是这些理由不是证据，不能够能够证明人类到过月球。理由有“推导不出”的逻辑性错误，不能够证明美国戴人飞船有巨大能力登录月球。因为戴人探测器着陆和有无人探测器着陆难度不同，后者成功不能够等于前者成功。蚂蚁过小叶桥成功不等于人也是能够过得。 6，支美证据：来自月球的岩石样本。阿波罗计划带回了382千克月岩和土壤。其中有少量作为礼物赠送给其它国家，包括中国。这些岩石样本自然也是分析美国登月真伪的绝好材料。怀疑论者反驳：而美国赠送荷兰的月球岩石被爆出实为石化木头的消息，更坚定了怀疑论者们的信念。对于1969年阿波罗11号登月、美国成为世界上第一个成功登月的国家的说法，世界上一直质疑不断。【即使是真正的月亮上的小石块，由于天体发展途中的复杂变化因素，在地球两级也可以寻找到一些月球和其它星球的少量碎片，如果没有以上两个因素的可能性，逻辑学里才能够有唯一的判断结论。】 7，美国航天总署的月球勘测轨道飞行器近日发回的一组照片显示想证明另外5面美国国旗依然存在，偏偏人类首次登月时插上的第一面美国国旗不见踪影。对此，美国航天总署的科学家解释说：由于太阳紫外线直接照射到月球表面，用尼龙材料制成的美国国旗很有可能随着时间推移而化为灰烬。怀疑论者：但是月亮上门没有风，退一万步即使国旗在紫外线下无影无踪化为灰烬的借口成立，为什么在下方没有发现一点点“骨灰”蛛丝马迹？尼龙材料非常耐用，紫外线真的是比焚尸炉更加厉害吗？在地球上完全可模拟紫外线的破坏作用不可能完全无影无踪。
8，怀疑论者：对于支美方面的解释，不能成立。斯诺登的微博一出现，更是再次“点燃”了四十多年来人们对美国“登月壮举”的质疑。不过，也有分析认为，这条微博是斯诺登得以避难俄罗斯而送给俄方的一份大礼，同时此举也并未违背他与普京有关不得损害美国重大利益的约定。
9，支美者说：国阿波罗11号、14号和15号在月面上安放的三台激光反射镜。世界各地的天文台都一直使用这些反射镜测量月亮与地球距离。激光测量精确度达到厘米级别。有阿帕奇点天文台激光测距仪（APOLLO）对月面反射镜进行了多次实验，表明，在月球证明实存在着人造的反射镜面。所以想证明就会有人在月亮上安装。怀疑论者：月球表面放置的反光镜不能够成为充足证据。反光镜实际上是好像千家万户的墙角【三个互相垂直的镜子结构总是有一个面对着地球】不管是激光从地球或者非地球方向发射，都能原路平行线反射回来。这些反射镜面只要被“天女散花”扔下月球就行，不需要人一个个去摆布调整角度。不能证明一定是有人类在月亮上才能摆放反射镜。阿波罗11号在月面安放的反射镜已经是事实，也不能够成为戴人飞船到过月球，人到过月球的充足证据。9，怀疑论者班明峰： “阿波罗登月从未发生过”是一个流传已久的结论。现在正在明朗化。支持“确实登月”观点者所提出的用“实践”自己证明自己正确方法，但是不经过科学理理论分析的这些现象，不能从间接事实来支持其观点；支美者其中有中国人的观点，用“实践是检验真理的唯一标准”【简称“唯标论”】来证明其正确，不知道还有更加厉害的【理论可否定“实践新闻”的错误】的科学措施。【比如有气功者用自己的盆变化出活蛇，宣称自己可以0.01秒钟到自然界去抓蛇回来】而“唯标论”中所讲的实践【实干】只能够发现错误，不能够证明一个理论成立。如果我们能够发现一个行为违背了科学【惯性定律】理论，仅仅是一个“0.01秒钟可抓蛇”描述，也可用经典理论足以证明其描述是错误和伪造的。伪造证据可以蒙蔽人民一时，不能够蒙蔽科学规律。只要抓住其一个违背科学规律的现象，就足以推翻其错误理论。比如改革开放基础理论“唯标论”的实践描述是无所不能，不能够检验物理学中的真理“永动机理论”足以推翻“唯一可以检验真理”，马列主义、毛泽东思想都是要让位。一切要用摸黑干方式的实践去代替科学理论指导改革实干。是错误命题而已。按照“唯标论”内涵，但是事实上无穷无休的实践也是不能够检验“永动机理论”的。因为“唯标论”有“循环论证”的逻辑性错误：就是用一个理论内容去自己证明它自己成立，“唯标论”在按照它自己内涵，用实践去检验它自己本身以后才能够知道自己是否为真理？天知道它“自证清白”的理论科学可靠否？在没有经过实践检验成为真理的“唯标论”当然不是真理，但是却可以成为真理去检验经典理论和一切完全正确的真理理论，所以，“唯标论”违背逻辑学规律，极为不可靠，只是一个拍脑袋命题而已，是没有逻辑性的观点，无法进入第二步的严格理论证明过程。而永动机理论是理论证明的真理，“唯标论”是永远没有办法检验这个真理的，只是错误命题而已。得不到理论证明的资格。改革开放理论基础错误了，不可靠，就会导致一系列其它改革开放小理论的不可靠的失败。结论：“大量事实都与阿波罗登月时的美国人登录月亮的实际情况相符合”说法，是用不讲科学道理的“唯标论”的实践去检验永动机理论一样的荒谬。所以世界人民怀疑美国几十年前人已经登月的宣传有欺骗性。有巨大充分理由可证明其荒谬性是完全有依据的。【 特别是以上班明峰新的第3、4、9点内容 】 【具体批驳“唯标论”错误的文章在我的其它帖子】
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