教父2游戏修改器怎么和考德威尔对话

美元霸权还能维持多久? - 荐读 - FT中文网
美元霸权还能维持多久?
《旗帜周刊》(The Weekly Standard)高级编辑
为英国《金融时报》撰稿
《嚣张的特权:美元的兴衰与国际货币体系的未来》(Exorbitant Privilege: The Rise and Fall of the Dollar and the Future of the International Monetary System)
作者:巴里o埃森格林(Barry Eichengreen)
牛津大学出版社(OUP)出版,售价27.95美元
两年前,美国财长蒂莫西o盖特纳(Timothy Geithner)在北京大学发表演讲时,坚称中国持有的美国国债“非常安全”,听众中有一名学生当着这位财长的面笑出了声。民意调查显示,87%的中国人不同意盖特纳的观点。你可以理解他们为何会这么想。自第二次世界大战以来,美元一直是全世界的储备货币。这个身份带来了特权,也意味着责任,但美国往往更热衷于滥用特权、而不是履行责任。
当其它国家必须用你的货币进行交易,必须储备你的货币以保护其本币价值时,你的证券就可以溢价销售。因此你能够毫无痛苦地承受适当的贸易逆差与预算赤字——但可不是像美国近年来这种数量庞大的逆差和赤字。金融危机过后,美国国债大多掌握在外国人手中,美国政府或许会产生借通货膨胀消除一部分债务的念头。坐立不安的可不只是中国人。
加州大学伯克利分校的经济与政治科学家巴里o埃森格林将奇闻轶事和缜密分析结合在一起,提出了一个问题:美国还是不是全球主导货币的“称职管理者”,如果不是,世界还有哪些选择。他的著作罕见地融合了对宏观经济的透彻了解、渊博的历史学识、出色的政治直觉以及一种顽固的普遍常识——这种常识往往会给老问题来带新思路。
埃森格林指出,第一次世界大战爆发前夕,荷兰盾、比利时法郎和奥地利先令都是比美元更重要的储备货币。当时美国禁止各州之间开展银行业务,也不允许形成美元的国际交易市场。一定程度上,这种规定是安德鲁o杰克逊总统(President Andrew Jackson)的遗产。这位美国总统认为,一家全国性银行是为精英服务的,这种看法正确的。为了避免出现这种结果,他不惜付出牺牲经济效率的高昂代价。
1914年美联储(Fed)成立,且随着战事的拖延,英镑开始摇摆不定,这改变了局面。华盛顿大肆宣扬纽约的金融中心形象——埃森格林从眼下中国振兴上海的努力中看到了相似之处——并游说欧洲各国政府前往美国满足自己战后的融资需求。埃森格林写道:“1914年时还处于零起点,到1925年美元便已经超越英镑。”他证明了那种认为英镑在大英帝国衰落之后的很长时间内还保持突出地位的看法是一种幻觉。英镑看起来比事实上更强大,部分原因是大英帝国的外汇储备都是英镑。
埃森格林强调,“1945年之后美元享有霸权的那半个世纪很不寻常”。与今天不同,当时美国最重要的货币关系是和盟国之间的关系——而且是依赖美国的盟国。在美国通胀政策的压力下,资金纷纷流向德国,迫使德国加息,进而吸走了其欧洲邻国的资金。时任联邦德国央行(Bundesbank)行长的奥特马尔o埃明格尔(Otmar Emminger)曾形容与美元打交道就像“与一头大象坐一条船——或是睡一张床”。欧洲要依赖与美国的军事同盟,因此别无选择。但美国的货币政策最终变得肆无忌惮,以至于——用埃森格林的话说——欧洲为了保护自己而创造了欧元。
克里斯托弗o考德威尔上一篇文章
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未经英国《金融时报》书面许可,对于英国《金融时报》拥有版权和/或其他知识产权的任何内容,任何人不得复制、转载、摘编或在非FT中文网(或:英国《金融时报》中文网)所属的服务器上做镜像或以其他任何方式进行使用。已经英国《金融时报》授权使用作品的,应在授权范围内使用。iPhone客户端
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3卧2卫的房产
美国爱达荷州南帕3卧2卫的房产
点击图片可以放大
房屋价格:
USD 99,900
预估交易费:
物业编号:9213776
Wonderful 3 bedroom in Delaware Park.
Master suite by itself upstairs.
Fresh paint and moldings.
Laminate floor in kitchen.
Freeway close to everything
物业编号:9213776
对此房源感兴趣?联系我们!
看过此房的人还看了
约人民币 1,381万
约人民币 343万
约人民币 543万
约人民币 6,078万
约人民币 193万
美国购房贷款以及相关费用
律师费$500 - $3000
登记费$100
交易税0 - 2%
房检费$300 - $500
产权调查费 $200 - $300
房屋估价费$200 - $500
产权保险费0.3% - 0.5%
公证费$300 - $400
勘查费$50 - $600
房管协会费3个月物业费
地税调整1-6个月的房地产税
银行手续费$700 - $900
贷款发放费贷款额的0.5%-2%
按揭经纪费贷款额的1%
贷款登记税各地不同(纽约市为2%,加州没有)
外国人(无美国绿卡)通常要在40%-50%
房地产税各州不同,一般为房产估价的1%-3%
房屋保险一般住宅每月$100左右
物业费/小区费0.3% - 2.8%
房屋维护费视情况而定
出租管理费一般8%-10%房租加一个月租金
房产增值税净利润*15%
相关遗产税起征点65万美元,超额累进制,最高税率达55%
完整的""。
*以上信息为美国各州平均情况,该房产信息详情请联系 400-041-7515
宏居网络技术(上海)有限公司
&(C) JUWAI LIMITED 2011 - 2014 版权所有
&沪ICP备号Why ‘top dollar’ still runs the world
- 荐读 - FT中文网
Why ‘top dollar’ still runs the world
Review by Christopher Caldwell
Exorbitant Privilege: The Rise and Fall of the Dollar and the Future of the International Monetary System
By Barry Eichengreen
OUP, $27.95
A student audience at Peking University laughed in the face of Timothy Geithner, US Treasury secretary, two years ago when he insisted that China’s holdings of US Treasury bonds were “very safe”. Polls showed that 87 per cent of Chinese disagreed with the Geithner view. You can see why they might. The dollar has been the world’s reserve currency since the second world war. That brings prerogatives and responsibilities, and the US has often been keener to exploit the former than to fulfil the latter.
When other countries must acquire your currency to trade, and must keep your money in reserve to protect the value of their own, your securities sell at a premium. You can thus run modest trade and budget deficits painlessly – but not the monster deficits the US has run in recent years. In the wake of a finance crisis, and with a majority of US bonds in the hands of foreigners, Washington might be tempted to inflate away part of its debt. The Chinese are not the only ones with the jitters.
Barry Eichengreen, an economist and political scientist at Berkeley, weaves anecdote and analysis to ask whether the US remains a “worthy steward” of the top currency and, if not, what options the world has. His book is a rare combination of macro-economic mastery, historical erudition, good political instincts and the sort of stubborn common sense that is constantly placing familiar problems in a new light.
On the eve of the first world war, Eichengreen shows, the Dutch guilder, Belgian franc and Austrian schilling were all more important as reserve currencies than the dollar. The US forbade interstate banking and discouraged an international market in the dollar. This was partly the legacy of President Andrew Jackson, who had thought, correctly, that a national bank would serve elites, an outcome he was willing to pay a high price in economic efficiency to avoid.
The establishment of the Federal Reserve in 1914, and the wobbling of sterling as the war dragged on, changed that. Washington aggressively promoted New York as a financial centre – Eichengreen sees parallels to Chinese efforts to promote Shanghai now – and lobbied European governments to meet their postwar financing needs in the US. “From a standing start in 1914,” Eichengreen writes, “the dollar had already overtaken sterling by 1925”. The view that the pound kept its pre-eminence long after Britain went into eclipse is, Eichengreen shows, an illusion. Sterling looked stronger than it was, partly because imperial reserves were held in it.
Eichengreen stresses “how exceptional was the half-century after 1945 when the dollar reigned supreme”. Unlike today, the most important US currency relationships were with allies – dependent ones at that. Inflationary US policies chased funds into Germany, forcing rate increases that sucked money out of its European neighbours. Otmar Emminger of the Bundesbank described dealing with the dollar as “being in a boat – or a bed – with an elephant”. Dependent on the US military alliance, Europeans had little choice. But US dollar policy eventually became so heedless that, in Eichengreen’s telling, the euro was set up in self-defence.
While Eichengreen does not predict that any rival will soon oust the dollar as a reserve currency, he does think the euro, for all its problems, could dent its predominance. He considers the political concessions the euro’s designers made to national sovereignty (no eurobonds, no country-to-country transfers) untenable over the long term. Some European authority will need to undertake “stronger oversight of national budgets” he says. He may underestimate public resistance to such handovers of sovereignty.
克里斯托弗o考德威尔上一篇文章
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未经英国《金融时报》书面许可,对于英国《金融时报》拥有版权和/或其他知识产权的任何内容,任何人不得复制、转载、摘编或在非FT中文网(或:英国《金融时报》中文网)所属的服务器上做镜像或以其他任何方式进行使用。已经英国《金融时报》授权使用作品的,应在授权范围内使用。请使用支持脚本的浏览器!
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夕阳西下,红霞漫天。此时,正是“满目青山夕照明”的晚景。晚霞透过窗子泻到老宋和老钟身上。两个老鳏夫下了一下午棋,以三比三告罄。棋平,而两个人的心理都不平。老宋离休前是局长,心里说,一个堂堂局座还赢不了个小科长?!老钟离休前虽是科级,却挂着副高职称,心里说,一个副教授级别,还拿不住个小局长的?!
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